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Structural design in the eighteenth century: James Essex and the roof of Lincoln Cathedral Chapter House
Published in David T. Yeomans, The Development of Timber as a Structural Material, 2017
The influence of the external shape that was chosen is evident in the first four of the Essex sketches. The first sketch (Figure 2) shows that his initial intention was to use a central support. Lightly drawn in below the roof timbers there is the shape of the vaulting and a central post. The post supports a symmetrical arrangement of trusses, each of which is a queen post truss (with a king post above the straining beam). A king post truss is carried across the apex of the two lower trusses. In this way the lower trusses define the steep sloping part of the roof, while the king post above them forms the top pyramid shape. With this design the lower arrangement of trusses would be repeated five times to form the complete shape.
Lessons from Structural Analysis of a Great Gothic Cathedral: Canterbury Cathedral as a Case Study
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2021
Georgios Karanikoloudis, Paulo B. Lourenço, Leslie E. Alejo, Nuno Mendes
The nave roof is a classic high-pitched Gothic roof of about 54°, with a covering span of 11.1 m. The timber trusses, placed with a spacing of 3.5 m and fixed over timber wall plates, form a rigid timber framing system with hinged joints of timber connections and metallic-edged blades. They are configured of a queen post on the lower level and a king post over the level of the straining beam, along with a series of struts (Figure 7a). The whole system appears structurally independent of the nave vaults and extends over the extrados of the vaults by 0.8 m. The roof of the lateral aisles is single pitched of about 8°, with a covering span of 5.0 m. and a spacing of 2.7 m (centre axis) (Figure 7b). On the side of the buttresses, the tie beams rest on wall plates, along with an adjoining post and curved brace timber elements, fixed on a small cantilever, that counteract the bending and vertical forces. From the inner side, the tie beams and principal rafters are attached separately to the walls of the triforium. The external roof coatings in both the nave and lateral aisles are large size lead sheets, attached on a system of timber roof battens.
The assessment of Italian trusses: survey methodology and typical pathologies
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Nicola Macchioni, Massimo Mannucci
Historically, the very simple original truss evolved largely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, up to the complex trusses designed by Andrea Palladio, still triangular. The so-called “Palladian truss” is a more complex truss (in some way similar to that called “queen post truss”) in respect to the typical Italian truss (similar to “king post truss”). New elements are introduced in the structural scheme such as the collar, the queen posts, struts, etc.; as this truss is conceived for larger spans (more than 10–15 m) the tie-beam is frequently composed by two elements end-jointed at mid span with a Jupiter dart joint. The actual composition of such kind of trusses is variable in terms of number of elements, joint types, size of elements, ranging from quite simple solutions as one can find in old churches and palaces roofs to very complex ones as in very large spans, as are theater roofs.
On-site full-scale tests of a timber queen-post truss
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Jorge M. Branco, Humberto Varum, Filipe T. Matos
The geometry of this particular truss is out of the ordinary: its configuration is typical of a king-post truss, but the queen-posts were added by connecting the joint strut/rafter to the tie-beam. This is not the traditional queen-post truss geometry, in which the king-post is substituted by a straining beam connecting horizontally (in the superior part) the two queen-posts, those located below the higher purlin, and the struts connecting the bottom part of the queen-posts to the lower purlins. Clearly, it is an example of a timber truss with an incorrect configuration for the span of the roof. The correct queen-post truss geometry should have been used or two extra posts (princess-posts) should have been placed below the lower purlin. Point loads out of the joints, causing bending moments in the rafters, are the most common error detected in the preliminary survey performed in previous steps of the research program (Branco et al. 2006).