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Conventional Waste Disposal Systems
Published in Richard J. Perkins, Onsite Wastewater Disposal, 1989
Gravel must be added to support the sides of the trench and to provide space to hold the slugs of wastewater that come from the septic tank. Minimum depth of fill with gravel is 6 in. below the distribution pipe according to the Manual of Septic Tank Practice and 12 in. according to the Uniform Plumbing Code. Again, lacking any requirements, you should decide whether to go with more gravel for a longer trench life or less gravel for a less expensive system. In general, the extra gravel is cost-effective.
A novel dynamic hydrant flushing framework facilitated by categorizing contamination events
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2020
Mohammad Ali Khaksar Fasaee, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Parnian Hashempour Bakhtiari, Shahryar Monghasemi, Mojtaba Sadegh
Upon sensor activation, the contamination events must be flushed from the WDS in the shortest time to minimize the impact. Flushing the system, however, should follow certain guidelines. The water pressure at the discharging hydrant should be, for instance, at least 20 psi in order to ensure consistent performance of the hydrants (Uniform plumbing code 2006). For this reason, a small demand (1 gpm) is applied to the potential hydrant nodes and the EPANET simulation model is executed to measure the nodes’ pressure. Nodes with pressure less than the allowed limit will be omitted as non-eligible and the simulation repeats until the remaining nodes satisfy the pressure limit. This preprocessing procedure can also reduce the optimization decision variables, which in turn contributes to lowering the computational time.
Implementing the Integrated Design Process (IDP) to design, construct and monitor an eco-house in hot climate
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Water efficiency strategies (WESs) are as essential as energy since water in Kuwait comes from a desalination process based on burning fossil fuel. In this house, there are eight bathrooms (nine washbasins, four showerheads), one laundry, one pantry, and one kitchen. By using the International Plumbing Code (International pluming code (IPC) 2018), the nine washbasins, two kitchen/pantry sinks, six showerheads try, and one washing machine use an average of 220, 200, 225, and 30 L/day, respectively. This yields a total greywater quantity of about 3760 L/day (3.76 m3/day).
FIS-based approach to estimate probable flows for sizing pipes in building water supply systems
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2023
Rohit Mangalekar, Krishnakedar Gumaste
Standard flow rates for fixtures were obtained from the International Plumbing Code (IPC 2018) and the National Building Code of India (National Building Code of India 2016) viz. 6, 6.6, 3 and 7.56 L/min, for WC, KS, WB and BT, respectively. It is to be noted that the flow rates adopted for the fixtures will affect the probable design flows obtained in the developed methodology; whereas, Fixture unit method does not consider the fixture flow values directly.