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Study Area Description
Published in Tesfay Gebretsadkan Gebremicael, Understanding the Impact of Human Interventions on the Hydrology of Nile Basin Headwaters, the Case of Upper Tekeze Catchments, 2019
Tesfay Gebretsadkan Gebremicael
The general pattern of rainfall over the basin is controlled by the complex topography which implies that the movement of air moisture can be substantially modified to create contrasting rainfall regimes in the region (Viste and Sorteberg 2013; Dinku et al., 2007; Huber et al., 2006). The sudden changes in elevation can obstruct the air mass movement to create a microclimate at the foothills or cause updraft over the mountains to create orographic rainfall (Dinku et al., 2007). Although in most regions rainfall increases with elevation due to the orographic uplifts (Moreno et al., 2014; Worqlul et al., 2014), this is not the case in the headwaters of the Upper Tekeze basin. Kiros et al. (2016) showed that rainfall over the Tigray region where the majority of the Upper Tekeze basin is located increases with elevation to the south while it decreases with elevation in the northern and north-eastern parts. Figure 2.2a shows the distribution of areal averaged rainfall over the basin. Compared with the topographic distribution (Figure 2.1), it is clear that rainfall increases with elevation in the south whilst it decreases with elevation in the northern and north-eastern parts of the basin. This implies that the relationship between rainfall and elevation is not uniform in the Basin (Figure 2.2b). This is attributed to the complex local topography, which alters proximity to the sources of moist air and seasonal movements of the ITCZ (Kiros et al., 2016; Van der Ent et al., 2010).
Climatic factors affecting plants
Published in Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz, Agroecology, 2023
Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz
Orographic rainfall occurs when a moisture-laden air mass meets a mountain range that forces it up into the cooler layers of the atmosphere. Such precipitation occurs on the western flanks of California’s Sierra Nevada—as rain in the foothills and as snow at the higher elevations. This precipitation is an important replenisher of streams and aquifers, which later become sources of irrigation water downstream in drier locations. Agriculture in some regions would not be possible without orographic precipitation in nearby mountains.
Assessment of flood susceptibility in coastal peri-urban areas: an alternative MCDA approach for ungauged catchments
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Vassiliki Terezinha Galvão Boulomytis, Antonio Carlos Zuffo, Monzur Alam Imteaz
The average annual temperature is 25°C and the average annual precipitation is 1652.8 mm (between 1977 and 2015), based on the E2-046 rain gauge dataset. It is rainy in the summer, especially in March. As the area is constrained by the Serra do Mar Mountains, there is a high incidence of orographic rainfall. The low-lying area is also impacted by tide variations.