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Numerical simulations of potential oil spills near Fernando de Noronha archipelago
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Trends in Maritime Technology and Engineering Volume 2, 2022
P.G.S.C. Siqueira, J.A.M. Silva, M.L.B. Gois, H.O. Duarte, M.C. Moura, M.A. Silva, M.C. Araújo
The FNA is in a warm tropical region. The air temperature on average is 25°C and a well-defined dry season between August and February, and a rainy season between March and July, averaging 1400 mm rainfall (Serafini and França, 2010). The prevailing winds are the southeast trade winds. The greater intensity occurs between July and August (Tchamabi et al., 2017). The highest sea surface temperatures (SST) occur between March and June, typically exceeding 28°C due to the occurrence of the southwestern tropical Atlantic warm pool (Cintra et al., 2015) and the lowest between August and November (SST ~26.6°C) (Silva et al., 2009; Hounsou-Gbo et al., 2015; Tchamabi et al., 2017). On the ocean surface, the central branch of the South Equatorial Current (cSEC) flows westward until it reaches the North Brazil Current (NBC) near the coast (Stramma and Schott, 1999; Lumpkin and Garzoli, 2005). The cSEC is stronger between March and July, and weaker between August and February (Lumpkin and Johnson, 2013; Tchamabi et al., 2017).
Practical aspects of meteorology and oceanography for mariners: A guide for the perplexed
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
L. C. Aroucha, H. O. Duarte, E. L. Droguett, D. R. A. Veleda
Regarding oceanographic aspects, Roteiro publication (DHN, 2016) gives the details: average density of sea water varies from a maximum at the Southern Coast (1026.5 kg/m3) to a minimum at Northern (1022.0 kg/m3); average sea surface salinity out of the coast of 35.5, and maximum at the Eastern Coast (37.2) and minimum at Southern (33.3); SST between 20 and 25ºC, with minimum in August–September and maximum in march. The wave climate previously cited is controlled by atmospheric circulation, and are associated with cold fronts (especially at the Southern Coast) and trade winds. At the Northern Coast, waves can also be related to storms and hurricanes at the North Atlantic, and, therefore, the Eastern Coast is to two competing waves systems: east-northeastern and south-southeastern waves (Dominguez, 2006). Circulation patterns at the coast are mainly influenced at the surface by two major currents: North Brazil Current (NBC), that flows to north, and Brazil Current (BC), flowing to the south, which both of them are originated by the bifurcation of the central part of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) at 8–10º N (Lumpkin & Garzoli, 2005; Veleda, Araujo, Zantopp, & Montagne, 2012). The NBC, when retroflects at the Brazilian Northern Coast (6–8º N, 45–48º W), is capable of generating rings moving northwestward (Johns, Zantopp, & Goni, 2003). Finally, the winds from northeast acting at the southern part of the Eastern Brazilian Coast (i.e. Frio Cape) and the Southern Brazilian Coast (i.e. Santa Marta Grande Cape) are responsible for generating upwelling processes of low salinity and temperature waters, affecting locally the weather of these regions (Lobo & Soares, 2007; Stramma, 1999).