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Energy: Walls and Windows
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Masonry walls can refer to walls with a masonry veneer, such as brick or stone, or to a wall where the masonry also provides the structural support, such as a poured concrete or concrete block wall. Such buildings are relatively resistant to the corrosive environment common near the ocean. Masonry also provides thermal mass that can both save energy and improve the interior comfort level in a hot climate with daily temperature swings. Aside from this thermal mass effect, masonry veneer walls share the same energy characteristics as other wood- or steel-framed walls.
Cladding
Published in Paul W. McMullin, Jonathan S. Price, Sarah Simchuk, Special Structural Topics, 2018
Justin W. Jacobs, Paul W. McMullin
Adhered masonry veneer consists of a thin layer of stone or clay masonry, set directly against the exterior wall with a layer of mortar over expanded metal lathe. This allows for simple detailing of air and moisture barriers, as well as movement. Expansion and contraction of the veneer have to be accommodated by the veneer being broken into panels that correspond directly with joints in the wall behind, as shown in Figure 8.12. These joints should be located at wall corners, changes in height, changes in wall material, and at no more than 15 ft (4.5 m) from center in either direction.
New method for determining spacing of movement joints in solid unreinforced veneer walls
Published in Claudio Modena, F. da Porto, M.R. Valluzzi, Brick and Block Masonry, 2016
Cracking in masonry veneer walls occurs when the tensile stresses in the wall exceed the tensile strength. Tensile stresses originate from imposed deformation of the wall in combination with movement restraint. For the determination of the value of the tensile stresses, it is important to make a reliable estimate of the imposed deformation, the influence of the restraints and the stiffness of the masonry.
An efficient approach for thermal design of masonry walls using design charts and R-value multipliers
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2022
Maysoun Ismaiel, Lindsey Westover, Yuxiang Chen
The appropriate dimensions and thermal and structural material properties for each component were selected from the ASHRAE Handbook and literature (Hydro 2016; ASHRAE 2021b; Hershfield 2022a). The component dimensions were obtained from the literature and the commonly used values in practice (Sturgeon, Eng, and Eng 2013a, 2013b). The literature showed that the shape, size, and material of ties and shelf angles affect the R-value of masonry veneer walls and can reduce the thermal resistance of exterior insulation significantly (Finch, Wilson, and Higgins 2013). Also, the block type and block unit density have a significant effect on the walls’ thermal resistance (Concrete 2007). Therefore, the investigated parameters of the wall configurations were selected based on the literature (Desjarlais and McGowan 1997; del Coz Diaz et al. 2006; Norris, Lawton, and Roppel 2012), and the parameter values used in this research were also obtained from the ASHRAE Handbook (ASHRAE 2021b).
Prefabrication of substructures for single-detached dwellings on reactive soils: a review of existing systems and design challenges
Published in Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2019
Bertrand Teodosio, Kasun Shanaka Kristombu Baduge, Priyan Mendis, David Jeremy Heath
One of the most commonly used substructures in Australia is the waffle raft due to the advantage in construction and cost (Figure 1). It is comprised of closely spaced beams and voids created by formed voids (e.g. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) or cardboard formwork). The spacing of internal beams is approximately 1.1 m centre-to-centre with an internal beam width equal to 110 mm. The internal and edge beams vary depending on the house wall system (i.e. clad frame, articulated masonry veneer, masonry veneer, articulated full masonry and full masonry) and its site classification (Class A, S M, H1, H2 and E). A minimum of 300 mm wide edge beam is required for full masonry, masonry veneer and articulated masonry veneer systems while 110 mm wide edge beams are required for cladding frames. The internal and edge beam depths range from 300 mm to 1100 mm as specified in AS 2870. Beam excavation is not necessary since the system is installed on-ground. The slab thickness of waffle rafts is typically thinner (85 mm) than stiffened slabs (100 mm) (RMIT 2018; Koukourou, 1987).
Probabilistic constitutive law for masonry veneer wall ties
Published in Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2022
Imrose B. Muhit, Mark G. Stewart, Mark J. Masia
Brick masonry walls are used as external cladding in both residential and commercial construction in many countries including Australia. Masonry veneer walls comprise exterior masonry cladding and a flexible structural backing partitioned by an air cavity. The structural backing system varies according to the construction practice being mostly timber, and light steel stud walls or structural masonry in the United States, Australia and New Zealand (Paton-Cole et al. 2012; Reneckis, LaFave, and Clarke 2004) and reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames in Europe. In Australia, the internal layer of the masonry veneer wall system is composed of timber framing mostly and provides lateral support by wall ties attached to the external leaf of the masonry.