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Riachuelo Lote 3 – Innovative method for the construction of the sea outfall
Published in Daniele Peila, Giulia Viggiani, Tarcisio Celestino, Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art, 2020
N. Valiante, M. Martini, L. Gaggioli
Marine outfalls are used to discharge treated wastewater to the environment. The released effluent can be positively buoyant if originated from a wastewater treatment plant or negatively buoyant if released from a desalinization plant. In both cases an outfall shaft is foreseen together with an inclined pipeline or tunnel to transport the effluent offshore, plus a diffuser section to uniformly release the effluent into the waterbody (Figure 1). The outfall tunnel is inclined upward to avoid air entrapment along the alignment. The diffuser section of the tunnel generally presents a variable cross section to ensure the velocity of the effluent remains high enough to avoid sedimentation and includes a series of vertical offtakes, the risers. The top of each riser is fitted with a rosette head presenting a number of nozzles (also known as ports) whereby the wastewater is released and diluted into the final receptor.
Retrofitting of Five Preliminary Wastewater Treatment Plants in Istanbul (Turkey) to High-Rate Activated Sludge System and/or Post Oxidation
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2020
Huseyin Guven, Malhun Fakioglu, Ilknur Sinop, Izzet Ozturk
Istanbul, located on one of the two waterways (The Bosporus) separating the Asian and European Continents, has a population of more than 15 million, hosting nearly 20% of the population of Turkey (TUIK 2018). Two sets of discharge standards for the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara were determined in the Istanbul Water and Sewerage (ISKI) Master Plan (ISKI 1999) for effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Istanbul. Preliminary treatment (mechanical screens + aerated grid chambers) followed by marine outfall – without the need of nutrient removal – was foreseen for the period of 2005–2015 (latest by 2020) for effluents to be discharged to the lower layers of the Bosporus which is considered as a sensitive area according to the ISKI Master Plan (ISKI 1999). According to the Straits System, discharges to the lower layers of the Bosporus flow to the Sea of Marmara. The WWTPs discharging their effluents into the lower stratum of the Bosporus should be upgraded from preliminary (mechanical) treatment to chemically enhanced primary treatment, at the latest from 2020 onwards (Table 1).
A comparative longevity study of traditional buildings between rural and urban areas in Pearl River Delta, China
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2023
Location and size: As the economic and commercial center in South China and even Southeast Asia, the economic and commercial factors deeply influenced the morphology and urban vitality of PRD’s cities and towns. It first affected the scale and size of the clusters. Shawan town is located at the transportation center of PRD and the marine outfall of South China Sea. Its superior location had promoted its commercial activities and economic development for a long period. “Sanjie-Liushi” was given as a name card in Shawan, which refers to its three major commercial streets and six major trade markets. Owing to the limited land resources of the delta area, high density is also an outcome of economic concerns that can release more lands for the agricultural activities.