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Auditing, Planning, and Retrofitting
Published in Stan Harbuck, Donna Harbuck, Residential Energy Auditing and Improvement, 2021
Knowing whether any insulation exists in the walls is helpful in determining whether insulation should be added. Probe the walls in the house to evaluate for the presence, type, and depth of wall insulation and to determine the depth of the wall cavity. To do this, remove a receptacle cover plate on an exterior wall and stick a non-conducting plastic crochet hook or another type of non-conducting hook behind the drywall and pull out some insulation. You can also push the probe in the gap all the way to the backside of the interior of the wall to determine the depth of the wall. Be sure to subtract out for the thickness of the drywall, lath and plaster, etc. Use this method to check several locations along different exterior walls in the home. If additions have been made to the home, be sure to take samples in at least two or three locations in each of the additions.
A study of the sustainable rehabilitation and preservation of the world heritage Cumalikizik village, Bursa-Turkey
Published in Koen Van Balen, Els Verstrynge, Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: Anamnesis, Diagnosis, Therapy, Controls, 2016
The rooms on the upper floors open to the hall called the "sofa". Cumalikizik houses usually have two or three floors and every floor has a separate function and identity. The entrance floor is a passage area that connects to the upper floors via the stairs. The stable, storage and toilet are on the ground floor. The middle floors host the 'winter' spaces with low ceilings, and the upper floors host the 'summer' spaces with high ceilings. The walls of these floors are arranged according to the adobe-filled timber structural system and are 20- 25 cm in thickness. Adobe and adobe plaster are used between the lath and plaster for walls. In Turkey, this type of construction is called "himi¸," a Turkish term s used to describe the timber-frame system (Figure 5). This construction system uses a timber frame with masonry infill, such as bricks, adobe or stones. In these houses, a single and double-based timber structural system is used (Figure 6). Floors are built from stone walls, which are also used in the foundation system (Ba banci, 2013). g The cantilevers for the structure were 60-80 cm. long. The timber beams composing the flooring grid at the cantilever extended towards the front; diagonal
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Published in Les Goring, Residential Surveying Matters and Building Terminology, 2023
So, when appraising a dwelling-house ceiling that has been multi-panelled with door-stop sized timber fillets – usually with a sectional-size of ex. 50mm/2 in. x 12.5mm/½ in., or with astragal-moulded fillets (scribed to each other at their multi-shaped junctions) – the first thing to do is to sound-tap the ceiling with the soft, balled-up karate-side of your hand, to find out whether it is of a) lath-and-plaster, b) plasterboard, or c) a more lighter-weight building board, such as fibreboard, asbestos sheet material or hardboard. Such soundings, with a little experience, should easily distinguish one from the other. Then you need to question your findings in the following way: Cracked lath-and-plaster ceilings are quite common, such being a sign of the aged bovine-haired mortar breaking away from the laths and threatening partial-collapse. So, to offset this threat and the expense of messy ceiling-replacement, house-owners sometimes have the ceiling panelled, as a means of holding it up. Alternatively (or additionally), cracked lath-and-plaster ceilings are also lined with heavily-embossed anaglypta paper, primarily as a means of hiding the cracks, but incidentally having a proven benefit of holding up the ceiling.Non-plastered plasterboard-and-panelled ceilings might indicate that a defective lath-and-plaster ceiling has been over-boarded with plasterboard, but not skimmed with a coat of finishing-plaster, thereby necessitating their abutment joints to be hidden within a pre-designed pattern of panelling members.This is no doubt the most common panelled ceilings to be encountered on Building Surveys of dwelling houses – and initial sound-tapping usually discovers them easily. Such ceilings are usually the result of extensive partial-collapse, leading to complete removal and temporary repair with lightweight materials. Some of these ‘temporary’ repairs, made as a result of war damage in the WWII years, are still waiting to receive ‘proper’ ceilings – and others amongst them might have been replaced on the cheap by their owner-occupiers.
A Case Study from Istanbul’s Westernization Period: The Technical Documentation of Prinkipo Palace
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Timber frame walls of the building are mainly composed of vertical and diagonal members, covered by lath and plaster technique (Bağdadi). Floor-beams and joists are connected to this lightweight timber wall system, which enhances the earthquake resistance of the building. Additionally, the three wings of the horizontally articulated multi-storey building were assisting by increasing the lateral stability in the transverse direction (Figure 9). As a result, the building and its structure managed to survive five major earthquakes that took place in the Northwest region of Turkey during the 20th century (Aksoy and Ahunbay 2005). Small cross-sections of the Bağdadi laths, facing mass and integrity loss (Sandak, Sandak, and Riggio 2015), rot and insect-attacks (Aras 2013), and manual damages, were effective enough to resist the effects of moisture and protected the structural system of the building from total collapse.
Building survey forms for heterogeneous urban areas in seismically hazardous zones. Application to the historical center of Valparaíso, Chile
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Belén Jiménez, Luca Pelà, Marcela Hurtado
Timber frame structures presented a very regular structural pattern in all the surveyed cases and thus were classified as A1. The clear correspondence of all the inspected buildings of the stock in terms of structural arrangement, materials, façade composition, non-structural elements, etc. fully justified the data extrapolation of representative cases to those with lack of information. The typical main load-bearing system correspond to stud frames braced with diagonals elements across the posts and rigid story systems, made of joist and sheathed with simple layer of wooden boards. This configuration is traditionally known as platform frame. Vertical load bearing systems are filled with adobe or coated by lath and plaster. Vertically oriented corrugated steel sheets cover the external walls. The reinforced carpentry joints, as well as the stiffening elements like diagonal braces and external sheathing, contribute to improve the behavior of timber frame structures. Valparaíso’s timber frame buildings are considered as reliable anti-seismic structures, as demonstrated by major past earthquakes. However, the current condition of the material and level of damage of the structural elements can might negatively affect the global behavior of the structure. The material degradation of structural elements due to decay by humidity and terms’ attacks increase the potential vulnerability of these buildings.
An evaluation of successfully seismically retrofitted URM buildings in New Zealand and their relevance to Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2018
Shannon Abeling, Dmytro Dizhur, Jason Ingham
The seismic upgrade of the building combined several retrofit methods, including the installation of vertically oriented steel trusses, new reinforced concrete masonry (RCM) walls, new exterior timber-framed walls, new floor and roof diaphragms, and new parapet restraints (Figure 3(a,b)). The first stage of the seismic retrofit involved reducing the seismic weight of the building. To accomplish this, the heavy clay-tile roof was removed and replaced with a lightweight iron roof; lath and plaster were removed from the interior walls; and two single-storey, concrete-block annexes were demolished. The seismic retrofit was designed to resist a lateral load of 0.47 g.