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Hydrological modelling of the Kaap catchment
Published in Aline Maraci Lopes, Saraiva Okello, Improved Hydrological Understanding of a Semi-Arid Subtropical Transboundary Basin Using Multiple Techniques – The Incomati River Basin, 2019
Aline Maraci Lopes, Saraiva Okello
In addition to water use by natural vegetation, the main water users in the catchment are: Irrigated sugarcane (98 km2 area) with a crop water requirement of 92·106 m3 year−1 (Mallory and Beater, 2009). However, Mallory and Beater (2009) report that only 62·106 m3 year−1 are supplied from the river;Domestic water supply to the Umjindi Local Municipality (over 71,200 population), with a demand of 3.9·106 m3 year−1 – this is supplied from an interbasin transfer from the neighbouring Lomati dam (part of the Komati catchment) (Mallory and Beater, 2009); andCommercial afforestation (considered a streamflow reduction activity) of 443 km2, with an estimated streamflow reduction of 40 106 m3 year−1 (Mallory and Beater, 2009).
Grassroots scalar politics in the Peruvian Andes
Published in Diana Suhardiman, Alan Nicol, Everisto Mapedza, Water Governance and Collective Action, 2017
Andres Verzijl, Jaime Hoogesteger, Rutgerd Boelens
In July 2006, a legal decree was issued – DS 039-AG-2006 – which threatened the livelihoods, water flows, wetlands and territorial integrity of the Huancavelica communities of Ccarhuancho, Choclococha, Santa Inés and Pilpichaca. The decree allocated 50 million cubic metres (MCM) of water per year from this area to augment the existing coastal irrigation in the Ica Region through an interbasin transfer (see Figure 4.1). This transfer, for which powerful actors, including agribusinesses, Ica water users’ associations and regional and national government agencies had strongly lobbied for years, was an important part of an Ica-based hydraulic multi-purpose project called “Proyecto Especial Tambo-Ccaracocha” (PETACC). To collect the allocated water of the Upper Pampas, all springs and runoff water in this area would be collected through a 73-kilometre interceptor drain – el canal-colector Incahuasi. Once constructed, this canal would transfer these waters to Lake Choclococha. Here the collected water would be stored, behind a large dam, before being directed to the Ica plains through the existing Choclococha derivation canal.
California’s Climate Change Response Strategy
Published in Kathleen A. Miller, Alan F. Hamlet, Douglas S. Kenney, Kelly T. Redmond, Water Policy and Planning, 2017
As depicted in Figure 13.1, there are three broad categories of energy use in water systems that correspond directly to the water-use cycle. The first is water extraction, conveyance, treatment, and distribution (shown in the box at the top). Extracting and conveying water can be highly energy intensive (Wilkinson 2000, 2011; CEC 2005). The largest user of electricity in California, for example, is the State Water Project, and the largest single facility consuming electricity in the state is the Edmunston Pumping Plant—part of that system (Wilkinson 2011). Surface water and groundwater pumping require significant amounts of energy depending on the depth of the source. Where water is stored in intermediate facilities, energy is usually required to store and then recover the water. Within local service areas, water is treated, pumped, and pressu-rized for distribution, with energy use determined by local conditions and sources. For example, some distribution systems are gravity driven, while others require pumping. The second category of energy inputs (shown in the box on the right) relates to on-site water use and includes activities such as pumping, further treatment (e.g., softeners, filters, etc.), circulation and pressurization of water supplies (e.g., building circulation pumps), and heating and cooling water for various purposes. Finally, wastewater collection, treatment, and discharge (shown in the box on the bottom) each require energy inputs. Wastewater is collected, treated (unless a septic system or other alternative is being used), and discharged. Wastewater is pumped to treatment facilities where gravity flow is not possible, and the standard treatment processes require energy for pumping, aeration, and other processes (Wilkinson 2011; CEC 2005). Ocean desalination and some interbasin water supply systems like the California State Water Project, the Colorado River Aqueduct, and the Central Arizona Project require large amounts of energy. Groundwater pumping and water recycling are less energy intensive than these interbasin transfer systems, and water-use efficiency requires no energy (Wilkinson 2008, 2011).
Management of water supply systems from interbasin transfers: case study in the Brazilian semiarid region
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2021
José Almir Cirilo, Alfredo Ribeiro Neto, Nyadja Menezes Rodrigues Ramos, Carla Fernanda Fortunato, Júlia Daniele Silva de Souza, Saulo de Tarso Marques Bezerra
The water demand continues to grow in the Brazilian semiarid concerning population growth and various measures targeted at increasing the supply are being implemented by water managers (Santana et al. 2019). Although good practices for managing consumption in water supply systems (combating losses, macro and micro measurement, pressure reduction, taxes policy, among others), it is essential to reduce the demands. The problems associated with severe water scarcity in Northeast Brazil, especially in the semiarid region, have resulted in the need for water allocation involving interbasin transfer (IBT). For this reason, over time it is necessary and urgent to bring in water from ever-greater distances to ensure minimum and regular supply to meet the needs of the population of this region (Cirilo, Montenegro, and Campos 2017). Interbasin transfers and integrated systems form part of the reality of the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Towards this, the biggest project of interbasin water transfer in Brazil is currently in progress.
Global water infrastructure: state of the art review
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2019
Pipelines, tunnels and canals provide the major conveyance and navigation facilities of water infrastructure. When used for water conveyance, canals and pipelines comprise long arteries of supply, such as in China’s evolving South-to-North Water Transfer project (WWF, 2007), the 336-mile canal bringing Colorado River water to Arizona (Central Arizona Project, 2017), Libya’s Great Manmade River Project, and the 400-mile Lewis & Clark Rural Water System project in South Dakota, Minnesota and Iowa (Fort & Nelson, 2012). Large conveyance projects in the western US, such as the California State Water Project, are often associated with interbasin transfer and are controversial. However, once they are in place, large populations become dependent on them, as in the case of Southern California (California Department of Water Resources, 2017).