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Developing Exposure Estimates
Published in Stephen S. Olin, Exposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water, 2020
Clifford P. Weisel, John C. Little, Nancy Chiu, Spyros N. Pandis, Cliff Davidson, Charles R. Wilkes
Inhalation exposure occurs when the air breathed contains compounds volatilized from water or aerosols formed during water usage such as bathing, showering, washing, cooking, etc. Showering has been identified as the activity contributing the greatest amount to inhalation exposure to volatile compounds (Wilkes et al. 1992), though some increase in the indoor air concentration of volatile water contaminants has been measured and modeled for a variety of water uses. Showering not only results in a direct inhalation exposure to the individual showering while in the shower stall and in the bathroom while the shower water is running, but it also increases the air concentration throughout the home, causing exposure to others within the residence. Other water uses, such as washing dishes or clothing, involve agitation of the water. These activities result in both volatilization of water contaminants and the production of aerosols. These processes have been studied more extensively for volatile water constituents than for aerosols containing nonvolatile species. Volatilization of a compound from water is a function of the amount of water used, the temperature of the water, and the volatility/solubility of the compound, usually expressed as the compound’s Henry’s Law constant. A number of models and experiments have been described in the literature that can be used to estimate the inhalation exposure and dose for volatile species associated with water use (McKone 1987, Wilkes et al. 1996, Georgopoulos et al. 1997).
Terms and Definitions
Published in Rick Houghton, William Bennett, Emergency Characterization of Unknown Materials, 2020
Rick Houghton, William Bennett
The most likely routes of exposure are inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. Inhalation exposure produces irritation of the respiratory tract and difficulty breathing. Skin and eye contact result in irritation, chemical burns, and blistering. Ingestion of vesicant material, such as swallowing contaminated mucous, can cause nausea and vomiting. Clinical effects may occur immediately or may be delayed for 2 to 24 hours depending on the compound. A delayed effect is a characteristic of mustard agent. There are 13 vesicant agents that are considered chemical warfare agents. Other compounds and mixtures exist that are irritating and can cause blistering. Elemental content of blister agents is shown in Table 1.34.
Potential exposure to flubendiamide and risk assessment in Kimchi cabbage field, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea: the protective role of PPE (personal protective equipment)
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Jiho Lee, Eunyoung Park, Minwoo Jung, Seohyun Kim, Yongho Shin, JiWoo Kim, Jeong-Han Kim
Inhalation exposure is measured by using a large glass fiber filter and solid absorbent such as XAD-2, which are attached to a personal air pump. However, this method’s disadvantage is that XAD-2 resin could be at risk, as the glass column could be crushed after the pesticide study. The Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) overcame this problem by developing a sampling method using a glass fiber filter, which is safer than the glass column and reduces the risk of hand injury and the loss of resin caused by cutting glass tubes (Katinka et al. 2004; Großkopf et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2016). The pesticide exposure estimated is then compared to the relevant risk value (RI), generally acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL), or no observable (adverse) effect level [NO (A) EL]. RI is generally adopted for risk assessment because it represents risks in a simple and interpretable manner (Ri > 1) (Yarpuz-Bozdogan and Bozdogan 2016). Moreover, this indicator is commonly used in environmental risk assessment (Vercruysse and Steurbaut 2002).
Exposure of workers to pesticide residues during re-entry activities: A review
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Khaoula Toumi, Laure Joly, Christiane Vleminckx, Bruno Schiffers
Inhalation exposure may result from a concentration of pesticide in the air (vaporization indoor or outdoor) or from airborne particles contaminated with pesticides (Brouwer et al.1992b). Exposure occurs during re-entry activities by inhalation of contaminated air (e.g., dust) or vapors (e.g., volatile or semi-volatile compounds). After application, pesticide droplets are usually dispersed in the air (Stearns and Griffiths 1952). When the spray has dried, the dust has settled and the vapors are dissipated, most of the particles can be found on the foliage and soil (Krieger et al.2007). The inhalation exposure mainly depends on the concentration of the substance in the air, the breathing rate, and the duration of exposure. Greenhouse temperature, ventilation rate, the vapor pressure of the substance and the ratio between adsorption and volatilization processes were identified as important factors influencing volatilization in greenhouses (Doan Ngoc et al.2015). Nevertheless, during re-entry activities inhalation exposure is very low compared with the dermal exposure (Spear et al.1977; Popendorf et al.1979; Aprea et al.2002), but a good correlation exist between levels of airbone pesticides and levels of dislogeables foliar dust (Popendorf et al.1975; Popendorf 1980). The inhalation exposure to dusted pesticides after re-entry is about of the same order of magnitude as during the application itself when adjusted for exposure time (Brouwer et al.1992a). When the duration of re-entry tasks increases than the exposure of workers through inhalation may probably be still much higher and, in some situations, may also result in health risks.
Application of the Draft NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding Process to Bisphenol A: A case study
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2019
Cynthia J. Hines, Thomas J. Lentz, Lauralynn McKernan, Pranav Rane, Christine Whittaker
Thousands of chemicals in commerce, with varying levels of information on toxicity, do not have OELs. Nonetheless, occupational safety and health (OS&H) professionals must manage any risks that these chemicals may pose to workers. To manage risk from inhalation exposure, OS&H professionals need a target air concentration or concentration range that triggers risk management requirements, including the design, installation, and operation of engineering controls and the selection of appropriate respiratory protection. The connection between target air concentration and degree of control (engineering, respiratory, or other control) is central to controlling worker exposures.