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Produced Water Treatment Technologies
Published in Olayinka I. Ogunsola, Isaac K. Gamwo, Solid–Liquid Separation Technologies, 2022
Isaac K. Gamwo, Hossain M. Azam, Hseen O. Baled
Currently, the majority of PW generated at onshore O&G facilities is reinjected underground either for disposal or for EOR processes. Thus, the major focus of onshore facilities is the types of treatment technologies mainly designed for dispersed O&G and SS to avoid plugging and pumps damage (WEF, 2017, 2018). The common practice for offshore operations is to discharge the treated PW to the sea, leading to the main treatment objective of reducing O&G to acceptable levels and mitigating toxicity impacts on aquatic fauna and flora. Moreover, the requirement for fracturing fluid has changed over the years, leading to different treatment requirements (WEF, 2017). Depending on the location of the onshore O&G facilities, different types of treatment technologies are available, including primary (e.g., hydrocyclone, corrugated plate separator, American Petroleum Institute (API) separator, or similar) and secondary (e.g., flotation units, such as induced gas flotation [IGF], dissolved gas flotation [DGF], dissolved air flotation [DAF], dissolved nitrogen flotation [DNF], and compact flotation unit [CFU]), to support the goal of reducing O&G concentrations in treated PW to 30 or 40 mg L−1 (Dores et al., 2012; Veil et al., 2004). Nonetheless the combination of these primary and secondary treatment technologies is unable to produce an effluent that meets the quality standard for beneficial reuse in irrigation or industrial processes (Dores et al., 2012).
Numerical analysis on performance of induced gas flotation machine using MUSIG model
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2020
Jin-Woo Lee, Kuk Jin Jung, Youn-Jea Kim
An Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) machine is a water treatment device that utilizes the flotation characteristics of air bubbles (Yiantos, 2007). The working principle of an IGF is that air bubbles are directly injected into the vessel and forced through a flow passage. Then, the discharged air spreads through the entire IGF vessel via a rotor. Diffused air bubbles adhere to the particles or pollutants and oil floating on the surface of the water. An IGF is used for oil or particle separation in many fields, such as the aforementioned oil sand plant because of several advantages and features. One of its most prominent features is its high turbulent internal flow. Depending on the turbulent dissipation in the IGF, the movement of these effects bubbles and the performance of the device are very different. Therefore, various studies considering have been conducted. To be specific, the assumption of independent particle velocity proved to be applicable in actual industrial conditions with highly turbulent flow (Abrahamson, 1975). In addition, a formula for calculating the collision rate inside the device, with and without an external force, was proposed. These results contributed to easier analysis of particle movement in turbulent flow. Another study analyzed the effects of turbulence in more detail (Schubert, 1999). The study introduced details of characteristics in turbulent transport, dispersion, particle-bubble collisions, and the generation of microturbulence. Based on these results, the relationship between impeller, stator, and baffle in the recovery of materials was investigated experimentally.