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Introduction
Published in Sreevalsa Kolathayar, T.G. Sitharam, Earthquake Hazard Assessment, 2018
Sreevalsa Kolathayar, T.G. Sitharam
The geological map of India published by the Geological Survey of India is shown in Figure 1.2. This map portrays the standardized stratigraphic classification and correlation of lithostratigraphic units of India. Major rock units are grouped under geological formations indicating different geological ages. The geology of India is so diverse that it contains rocks covering almost the entire range of the geological time scale. It features severely deformed rocks, as well as recently deposited alluvium that has yet to experience diagenesis. Rock type and mineral deposits of many varieties can be found in India. The Indian craton was once part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which later broke apart into two continents: Gondwana and Laurasia. The Indian plate then drifted northward toward the Eurasian plate, leading to the closure of the Tethys Ocean and the creation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau in South Asia. Along with this collision, the Indian plate merged onto the adjacent Australian plate, creating a larger plate, the Indo-Australian plate (Briggs, 2003).
Volcanoes and Their Products
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
Explosive eruptions often put on a spectacular pyrotechnic display, such as the one shown in Figure 7.29. The photograph shows the eruption of Yasur Volcano, in Vanuatu, 1600 kilometers (1000 miles) northeast of Australia. Yasur is a stratovolcano that is about 360 meters (1185 feet) high. It was created by subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Pacific Plate. Eruptions have occurred here, more or less continuously, for a few hundred years. The explosive eruptions produce amazing shows when viewed at night.
Geological, geochemical and geophysical characteristics of geothermal fields
Published in D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh, Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation, 2008
D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh
At present, the Indo-Australian plate is moving northwards at 60 to 75 mm/year relative to Eurasia and is undergoing orthogonal convergence below the Java trench (Minster and Jordan 1978, DeMets et al. 1990, McCaffrey 1992) (Fig. 5.4). Over the land the Sumatra fault system lies parallel to the subduction. The Sumatra fault system extends NW to the Andaman and Nicobar islands and merges with the Andaman Sea spreading centre (Fig. 5.5) where it acts as a transform fault (Page et al. 1979).
Improved Vulnerability Index Methodology to Quantify Seismic Risk and Loss Assessment in Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Moustafa Moufid Kassem, Fadzli Mohamed Nazri, Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi, Baki Ozturk
Geographically, Malaysia is in a low seismicity region and is situated relatively far away from highly active seismic fault zone where the closest source in Malaysia is about 400 km far away from the subduction zone (Megawati, Pan, and Koketsu 2003; Pan and Megawati 2002). Nevertheless, it is surrounded and bounded by two inter-plate primary boundaries associated with subduction zones between the Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate in the western and southern parts, respectively. Also, a subduction zone is linked between Eurasian and Philippines plates at the eastern part of the country as illustrated in Fig. 1a. Regarding the historical events, the Western part is assumed to be an earthquake free zone which is a region stabilized from the threats of the local seismicity. In contrast with the eastern part which is influenced and affected via both local and global seismicity that has originated from Southern Philippines, it is only affected from the earthquakes at global neighboring countries that are mostly generated due to Sumatran strike-slip fault and its subduction zones.
The Importance for Selecting Adequate Seismic Design Parameters for Large Dams - Andean, Himalayas and Eastern Anatolia Mountain Range Cases
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
The Himalayan range, one of the youngest mountain ranges, is a result of a continental collision along the boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is qualified as the highest seismicity area in the world and it covers an area of 1,09 million km2. Large high dams such as Upper Karnali CGD of 64-m-high, Arun III CGD of 68-m-high, Simly-Tarbela rockfill dam of 80-m-high, Karot ACRD of 95,5-m-high, Tamakoshi 3 FSHD of 135-m-high, Zipingpu CFRD of 158-m-high, Pakal Dul CFRD of 167-m-high, Nalsing Gad RCCD of 210-m-high, Mohmand CFRD of 213-m-high, Gushui CFRD of 245-m-high, Budhi Gandaki CGD of 263-m-high and Dudhkoshi CFRD of 265-m-high have been constructed and commissioned recently, or are under construction or in planning stage in the Himalayas range mountains. See Figs. 2–4.
Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment after the 6.5 Mw Earthquake on December, 7th 2016 in Pidie Jaya, Indonesia
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Yunita Idris, Phil Cummins, Ibnu Rusydy, Umar Muksin, Mohammad Yoza Habibie, Ella Meilianda
Aceh Province on the Island of Sumatra, Indonesia, lies on an active tectonic zone, which has a high frequency of seismic activities. To the southwest, the Indo-Australian plate subducts beneath the Sunda Block, causing large megathrust earthquakes at shallow depth offshore, as well as deeper intraslab events beneath Sumatra. Relative plate movement at the Sumatra subduction zone is oblique, and partitioned between 4 and 5 cm/year trench-normal convergence along the megathrust and about 2 cm/year right-lateral strike-slip motion along the 1900 km-long Great Sumatra Fault (GSF) (McCaffrey 2009; Sieh and Natawidjaja 2000). In Aceh Province in northwestern Sumatra, the GSF splits into two segments, the Aceh and Seulimeum Segments (Muksin et al. 2019), which lie to the south and north, respectively, of the City of Banda Aceh. In addition, there are several secondary active faults in Aceh, including the Lhokseumawe, the Batee and the Pidie Jaya faults.