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Tunnels and tunneling in Turkey
Published in Xia-Ting Feng, Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017
Turkey is in a tectonically active region that experiences frequent destructive earthquakes. At a large scale, the tectonics of the region are controlled by the collision of the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. At a more detailed level, the tectonics become quite complicated. A large piece of continental crust almost the size of Turkey, called the Anatolian block, is being squeezed to the west. The block is bounded to the north by the North Anatolian Fault and to the south-east by the East Anatolian fault. The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is a major strike-slip fault zone in eastern Turkey. It forms the transform type tectonic boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the northward-moving Arabian Plate. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia which runs along the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate.
Tunnels and tunneling in Turkey
Published in Xia-Ting Feng, Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017
Turkey is in a tectonically active region that experiences frequent destructive earthquakes. At a large scale, the tectonics of the region are controlled by the collision of the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. At a more detailed level, the tectonics become quite complicated. A large piece of continental crust almost the size of Turkey, called the Anatolian block, is being squeezed to the west. The block is bounded to the north by the North Anatolian Fault and to the south-east by the East Anatolian fault. The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is a major strike-slip fault zone in eastern Turkey. It forms the transform type tectonic boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the northward-moving Arabian Plate. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia which runs along the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate.
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of the North-East India towards identification of contributing seismic sources
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2023
Niranjan Borah, Abhishek Kumar
The Himalayan Region was formed due to the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. This region shows diversity in seismic activity distribution and major structural units. It can further be divided into three subzones: the Bhutan Himalaya, the Arunachal Himalaya and the Mishmi Thrust (Angelier and Baruah 2009). This region has many thrust faults like Indus Suture Thrust (IST), Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) (Kayal 2008; Thingbaijam et al. 2008). 1991 Uttarkashi EQ (Mw-6.8), 1999 Chamoli EQ (Mw-6.6) and 1980 Gangtok EQ (Mw-6.3) are notable past EQs that had occurred on the MCT segment located west of the NE India (Mukhopadhyay 2011). Similarly, 1905 Kangra EQ (Ms-7.8), 1934 Bihar-Nepal EQ (Mw-8.2) and 1950 Assam EQ (Mw-8.4) happened on the HFT (Nicholas Ambraseys and Bilham 2000; Pandey and Molnar 1988; Bilham 2001). As per Mittal et al. (2012), no major EQs have recently been detected on the NE side of the Himalayan region.
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis Based Zoning Map of Pakistan
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Muhammad Ahmed, Sarosh Hashmat Lodi, Muhammad Masood Rafi
Seismotectonic settings of Pakistan make it a seismically active region. The plate boundary between Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates divides Pakistan longitudinally (Fig. 1). A subduction zone has been formed by the intersection of Indian, Eurasian and Arabian plates near the southern part of the country (Fig. 1). In the northern part of Pakistan, Himalayas divide the Indian and Eurasian plates. These seismotectonic settings have placed Pakistan among the most seismically active regions of the world which has created a potential seismic risk for the country (Waseem, Lai, and Spacone 2017). The formation of Himalayas in the north and subduction zone in the south creates a push across the country from both ends. Forces from the Indian plate push the Eurasian plate from the longitudinal middle of the country. This push has resulted a convergence in the middle of the country which has created a strong fault system in the western part of Pakistan (Fig. 1). Note that the local fault system shown in Fig. 1 is based on Building Code of Pakistan (MoHW 2007).
Influence of Traditional Building Practices in Seismic Vulnerability of Bhutanese Vernacular Rammed Earth Architecture
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Roberto Pennacchio, F. De Filippi, M. Bosetti, T. Aoki, P. Wangmo
The Himalayan area has shown frequent and mighty seismic activity, as a result of Eurasian plate collision with Indian plate. According to the Indian Code Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Bhutan is considered a “Very High Damage Risk Zone,” meaning that it could suffer until Richter’s Magnitude Scale IX° degree earthquakes (EARRD 2017). The country does not yet have its own seismic hazard map, and the currently available resources (Figure 1) are rudimentary.