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Hydraulic engineering
Published in Mohammad Albaji, Introduction to Water Engineering, Hydrology, and Irrigation, 2022
Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to cause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of bridges, dams, channels, canals, and levees, and to both sanitary and environmental engineering.
Introduction to Civil Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Hydraulic engineering deals with the flow of water and its distribution. It includes the application of fluid mechanics to analyze the flow of water through a closed medium like a pipe or in an open channel. The primary concern of civil engineers is open channel flow. The applications of hydraulic engineering include the design of hydraulic structures like dams, breakwaters, and sewage conduits and the management of waterways like flood protection and erosion protection. It also comprises environmental management likes forecasting the details regarding mixing or transport of pollutants in the flow of water. Water supply, irrigation, navigation, and hydroelectric power development are some of the applications of water resources engineering which involves the use of water for constructive purposes. Recently, the sustainability concept of concern for the preservation of our natural surroundings has amplified the significance of water resources engineering.
Experiment Execution
Published in Marian (Editor-in-Chief) Muste, Dennis A. Lyn, David M. Admiraal, Robert Ettema, Vladimir Nikora, Marcelo H. Garcia, Experimental Hydraulics: Methods, Instrumentation, Data Processing and Management, 2017
Marian (Editor-in-Chief) Muste, Dennis A. Lyn, David M. Admiraal, Robert Ettema, Vladimir Nikora, Marcelo H. Garcia
Experimentation in hydraulics emerged at the end of the 19th century in conjunction with the design of large water-related construction projects (Hager, 2015). This branch of experimentation, also known as physical or hydraulic modeling, investigates design and operation issues in hydraulic engineering. Physical models have the potential to replicate many features of a complicated flow. In many instances there is little recourse other than hydraulic modeling to make design and operational decisions for expensive and complex hydraulic works (Ettema, 2000). Physical modeling can also be used to better understand generic physical processes (e.g., sediment transport, flow through vegetation). The first basic experimental research in open-channel turbulence started in the 1950s, triggered by the advent of hot-wire anemometry (Nezu, 2005). After 1980, even more powerful optical and acoustical techniques have made experimental studies in open-channel turbulence much less arduous, permitting detailed investigations of not only basic two-dimensional (2D) uniform flows, but also, more recently, unsteady and three-dimensional (3D) channel flows.
DualSPHysics simulations of spillway hydraulics: a comparison between single- and two-phase modelling approaches
Published in Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2022
Shenglong Gu, Wengang Zheng, Haitao Wu, Chen Chen, Songdong Shao
In hydraulic engineering, the constructions of spillways play an important role in maintaining the safety of reservoirs by releasing the redundant flood water that exceeds their capacity, to ensure the sustainability of dam engineering works. The original concept of spillways can be traced back as early as 1300 BC. In modern history, with unprecedented development of hydraulic works, spillways are being increasingly used in practical fields. Early spillway design usually followed a smoothed surface (i.e. flat bed), but this generated undesirable cavitation effects, and additional energy dissipaters had to be built since the energy dissipation efficiency was low. To overcome the weaknesses of smoothed spillways, the concept of stepped spillways has been gaining wide attention. These are made of several steps with either uniform or non-uniform sizes. When high-speed flows pass over the stepped surface, they heavily interact with the structure edge and within the steps, in which the mixing process with the air can effectively reduce the risk of cavitation. Meanwhile, the stepped surfaces significantly change the flow regimes, and therefore, reduce the kinematic energy of the flows (Chanson, 1993).
Hydraulic engineering of dams
Published in Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2022
Brian M. Crookston, Sebastien Erpicum
Hydraulic engineering is the application of hydraulic science to problems dealing with water management and use. In this discipline, dams and reservoirs and their appurtenant (or ancillary) structures (spillways, bottom outlets, intakes …) are critical infrastructures not only in terms of irrigation, water supply, power generation and storage, flood control, navigation, and recreation or tourism, but also detrimental societal and environmental consequences that may be induced by their failure, malfunction, or improper design. In this respect, the hydraulic engineering of dams concerns all hydraulic questions related to the design, construction, operation, management, safety, and sustainability of dams. This includes the hydraulic design of appurtenant structures and all their complexities including cavitation, vortices, floating debris, interaction with the air and the soil and energy dissipation, but also special topics such as impact on sediment transport and aquatic life movements, impulse waves, dam breaches or dam break wave propagation.
Numerical simulation of flow over ogee crested spillways under high hydraulic head ratio
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2019
Hanifeh Imanian, Abdolmajid Mohammadian
Flows over spillways have been investigated widely by numerical simulation, which has been one of the most useful tools to study fluid-structure interaction in the past years. To model flow over the ogee spillway under high hydraulic head ratio in the present study, the OpenFOAM framework was employed. OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation And Manipulation) is a free, open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package developed using C++. Most hydraulic engineering problems can be modeled by it (Shaheed, Mohammadian, & Kheirkhah Gildeh, 2018). OpenFOAM has the capability of simulating the flow field by executing several turbulence models and various numerical schemes.