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Role of surface phenomena in the strain softening of glassy and crystalline polymers
Published in A. L. Volynskii, N. F. Bakeev, Surface Phenomena in the Structural and Mechanical Behaviour of Solid Polymers, 2018
In the context of the discussed subject, it is useful to mention, although briefly, the structural–mechanical behaviour of the polymer glasses, reinforced with rubber dispersions. The typical representative of this group of materials is the high-impact polystyrene (HIPS). The methods of production of these materials are well-known [19]. Here it is important to mention that the structure of the HIPS and other plastics, modified with rubbers, is characterised by isolated rubber particles, enclosed in the continuous glass matrix [20, 22]. A typical structure of this type is shown in Fig. 5.6a. Dark inclusions are the rubber-like component (polybutadiene), dispersed in the continuous glass matrix (PS). The deformation of these materials is accompanied by the formation and growth of the crazes between the particles of the rubber phase in the glassy matrix (Fig. 5.6b). The formation of the crazes results in the properties of the material unusual on the whole for the glassy state.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
By the beginning of this century, the majority of TBBPA was being used as a reactive intermediate in the production of epoxy and polycarbonate resins. The main application of epoxy resins is in the manufacturing of printed-circuit boards that contain approximately 20% bromine. A minor part of TBBPA was reported to be converted into derivatives such as dimethyl TBBPA and used as a BFR in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and high-impact polystyrene. Bis (2-hydoxyethyl ether) TBBPA, another TBBPA derivative, finds use as a flame retardant for paper and textile adhesives and coatings (Alaee et al., 2003). Despite the primary use of TBBPA as a reactive flame retardant (covalently bonded to the polymer), TBBPA has also been detected in the environment and in sewage sludge. By nature, it is highly lipophilic and is not water soluble. Regarding its adverse health effects, TBBPA is toxic to primary hepatocytes – the chief functional cells of the liver. This could be attributed to its halogenated phenolic properties uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation (Boecker, Schwind, Kraus, Pullen, & Tiegs, 2001). TBBPA is also highly immunotoxic and can affect defence against bacteria, viruses and possibly cancer. Other concerns regarding the chemical are that it may act as endocrine disruptor. It may not have much oestrogenic effect, but lower brominated bisphenols have shown oestrogenic activity (Meerts et al., 2001). Overall, TBBPA is a cytotoxicant, immunotoxicant and a potential disruptor of oestrogen signaling.
E-Waste plastic powder modified bitumen: rheological properties and performance study of bituminous concrete
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
Hrishikesh Ashok Shahane, Sukhanand Sopan Bhosale
Colbert and You (2012) investigated properties of modified asphalt binders blended with electronic waste powders using rotational viscometer, dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer. The study reported that the modified asphalt binders containing plastics from computer e-waste were more viscous and less susceptible to rutting than that of virgin asphalt binders. It was also shown that the bitumen containing 5% Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and High impact polystyrene (HIPS) binders were the most effective for low-temperature performance. Çubuk, Gürü, Kürşat Çubuk, and Arslan (2014), reported appreciable diminution in the formation of rutting, bleeding, tripping, and cracking in bitumen modified with phenol formaldehyde. Phenol formaldehyde modification ensures to the hardening of bitumen due to crystallization and cross-linking effect of the additive, which is desirable for flexible roadways especially in hot-climate regions. Crumb rubber (CR) modification is more suitable for combating low-temperature cracking in colder climates (Kök, Yilmaz, & Geçkil, 2013). Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a thermoplastic material tends to stiffen and raise the rigidity of asphalt binder to a greater extent, this phenomenon leads to a less susceptible binder to permanent deformation by using more PET percentage in the suggested polymer formulation (Nasr & Pakshir, 2017).
Shredding as simultaneous size-reduction and tribo-charging operation for improved performances of an electrostatic separation process for granular plastic wastes
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2020
Ahlem Benabderrahmane, Thami Zeghloul, Wessim Aksa, Amar Tilmatine, Karim Medles, Lucian Dascalescu
Plastic pieces of Polycarbonate-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene blend (PC-ABS) and High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) Figure 3, recovered from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) and cut using the band saw were prepared as balanced binary mixtures (Figure 4) and introduced in the shredder. The mass of the shredded samples was 300 g because of the limited quantities of WEEE available for this study. The choice of HIPS as a constituent of the granular mixture was due to the fact that this polymer represents about 25% of the mass of WEEE processed in the recycling industry. After a certain time, a mass of 200 g was recovered from the shredder and immediately transferred to the roll type electrostatic separator (Figure 2(c)).