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Operating Wisely
Published in Carl Bozzuto, Boiler Operator's Handbook, 2021
With so many choices for level, it could be difficult to relate one to the other. That could be important if one wants to know if condensate will drain from another building in a facility to the boiler room. There is one standard reference for level, but it is not called level. It is called “elevation,” which is normally understood to be the height above mean sea level (MSL) and labeled “feet MSL” to indicate that is the case. In facilities at lower elevations, it is common to use that reference. A plant in Baltimore, MD, USA will have elevations normally in the range of 10−200 feet, unless it is a very tall building. When the facility is a thousand feet or more above mean sea level, it gets clumsy with too many numbers. The normal procedure is to indicate an elevation above a standard reference point in the facility. A plant in Denver, CO, USA would have elevations of 5200−5400 feet if sea level is used as a reference so that plant references would be used there. It is common for elevations to be negative. They simply refer to levels that are lower than the reference. It happens below sea level or when the designers decide to use a point on the main floor of the plant as the reference elevation of zero. Anything in the basement would be negative. The choice of zero at the main floor is a common one. Note that a point on the main floor is used. All floors should be sloped to drains. One cannot arbitrarily pull a tape measure from the floor to an item to determine its precise elevation.
Air density calculation at high altitude locations for wind energy use: the alpines validation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
The novelty of the methodology is to eliminate the possible error contributed by the calculation of the lapse rate and any default parameter used in the standard atmosphere method. The engineering approach is modified to perform better by using the linear regression of pressure at different heights; therefore, it helps to calculate air density in a large spatial region by just using the temperature and height above mean sea level variables. Nevertheless, the method has shortcomings for shorter periods, such as monthly averaging, where no improvement for July and August is achieved. One main reason for this is the low recovery rate of the site with the code ITTor in July (marked with reading in