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Forecasting Lubricant Demand
Published in R. David Whitby, Lubricant Marketing, Selling, and Key Account Management, 2023
According to the report, “observed increases in well-mixed greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations since around 1750 are unequivocally caused by human activities.” Since 2011 (measurements reported in AR5), concentrations have continued to increase in the atmosphere, reaching annual averages of 410 parts per million (ppm) for carbon dioxide (CO2), 1866 parts per billion (ppb) for methane (CH4), and 332 ppb for nitrous oxide (N2O) in 2019. Each of the last four decades has been successively warmer than any decade that preceded it since 1850. Global surface temperature in the first two decades of the 21st century (2001 to 2020) was 0.99 [0.84 to 1.10] °C higher than 1850 to 1900. Global surface temperature was 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20] °C higher in 2011 to 2020 than 1850 to 1900, with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83] °C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01] °C).
Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecology of Caspian Sea: An Overview
Published in Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Akhlaq Amin Wani, Climate Change Alleviation for Sustainable Progression, 2022
Munir Ozturk, Volkan Altay, Liliya A. Dimeyeva
The atmospheric warming causes important changes in the climate system, especially surface air, soil, water temperature, clouds, wind and sea currents, density and salinity, precipitation and evaporation (Ahmad et al., 2015; Imanberdieva et al., 2018). The average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C in the last century and it is thought to increase by another 1.4-5.8°C in the next century (Imanberdieva et al., 2018). Klige and Myagkov (1992) have reported in their calculations that global warming will increase by 2-3° and the discharge of the total annual Caspian rivers will increase by 50-60 km3. In fact, with the increase of 25-30 km3 of precipitation, it has been reported that it will exceed the existing evaporation at 100-115 km3 in annual evaporation. Thus, the view arises that global warming may decrease more than 4 m above sea level. Therefore, a sudden drop in the Caspian Sea level is expected, which will potentially affect its biodiversity in future (Aladin et al., 2003).
Global Energy Sources and Present Energy Scenario
Published in Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu, Advances in Clean Energy, 2020
Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu
Moreover, thermal power plants also adversely impact the natural climate. It should also be remembered that very high emissions of CO2 (0.9–0.95 kg/kWh), SOx, and NOx from thermal power plants lead to an increase in global temperature leading to climate change. Studies and literature have shown in the past century that since the industrial revolution, CO2 emission rose by 28%. The global surface temperature has increased by 0.3°C to 0.6°C, and sea level has increased by 10–15 cm over the last 100 years. Scientists expect that if GHG emissions increase and no successful environmental mitigation measures are taken, the average temperature may rise by 1–3.5°C, and sea levels may increase by 15–95 cm. The continuously increasing energy demand and the associated negative effect of fossil fuels on the environment have pushed India towards a deliberate policy of renewables.
Influence of climate change and human activity on total nitrogen and total phosphorus: a case study of Lake Taihu, China
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2020
Xiaojuan Xu, Huiyu Liu, Fusheng Jiao, Yujia Ren, Haibo Gong, Zhenshan Lin, Changchun Huang
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), normally in limited supply, are critical for phytoplankton growth, and comprise the base of the biogeochemical cycle in lakes (Ladakis et al. 2006, Hawinkel et al. 2015, Harrison, 2016, Lu et al. 2016, Xie et al. 2016). With rapid industrialization and urbanization, excessive discharge of N and P has occurred over the past decades, a relatively short period, which intensifies the course of lake eutrophication (Qin 2013, Glibert et al. 2014). Climate change effects, including change in temperature, precipitation, and short-term extreme weather events (Jennerjahn et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2014, Robertson et al., 2018), likely influence lake nutrient cycles. According to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the average global surface temperature has increased by 0.85 C over the last century and rainfall has decreased by 0.3% per decade over much of the northern hemisphere’s subtropical regions (IPCC 2014, Stocker et al. 2014). Extreme climate events have increased significantly as well (Edenhofer and Seyboth 2013, Stocker et al. 2014). Human activities, rising temperature, decreased rainfall, and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events threaten both the water quality and the stability of lake ecosystems, and have drastically affected the biogeochemical cycles of nutrient elements of Earth’s ecosystems, especially total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) (Alexander 2016, Isles et al. 2017).
The contribution to the urban heat islands exploration: underpasses and their elements
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2020
Ivica Androjić, Sanja Dimter, Ivan Marović
We are all witnesses of climate changes which present one of the greatest challenges facing the world today. According to The Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC 2007), global surface temperature increased 0.4–0.8°C in the twentieth century, and the temperature will rise by 1.8–4°C by the end of the twenty-first century. Additionally, according to some projections, the human population can expect increases in all types of weather extremes (heat waves, droughts, heavy precipitation, etc.) in the coming years. Frequent, intense and longer lasting heat waves have direct and indirect impact on human health, energy consumption and quality of life, especially in urban areas, and adversely impact on the environment.
Application of Tikhonov regularization to reconstruct past climate record from borehole temperature
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2021
Jia Liu, Tingjun Zhang, Gary D. Clow, Elchin Jafarov
We simulate two scenarios of past ground surface temperature variation. According to the latest report [31] by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the global surface temperature in recent years (1901–2012) has increased 0.89 ± 0.19 (°C). Case 1 simulates this temperature increase. Case 2 assumed GST history with a ‘Little Climatic Optimum’ from past 400 years to past 600 years, a ‘Little Ice Age’ from past 150 years to past 250 years, and a linear temperature rise from past 50 years to past 150 years. This synthetic GST model is applied by Shen and Beck [32]. The main purpose of this case is to simulate climate change associated with typical climatic events.