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Infrared devices and techniques
Published in John P. Dakin, Robert G. W. Brown, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
Antoni Rogalski, Krzysztof Chrzanowski
LIDAR is popularly used as a technology to make high-resolution maps, with applications in agriculture, geomatics, archeology, geography, geology, seismology, forestry, physics, astronomy (remote sensing and metrology), etc. Few military applications are known to be in place and are classified, but a considerable amount of research is underway in their use for imaging. Higher resolution systems collect enough detail to identify targets, such as tanks. Examples of military applications of LIDAR include the airborne laser mine detection system for counter-mine warfare. At present, LIDAR systems are also used to do standoff detection for the discrimination of biological warfare agents and to provide the earliest possible standoff warning of a biological attack.
Gaussian Cloud Transformation
Published in Deyi Li, Yi Du, Artificial Intelligence with Uncertainty, 2017
Scale refers to the space or time unit of an object or phenomenon, a range of phenomena or processes in space and time, and the window used by people when they observe things, objects, patterns, or processes. In brief, scale is the description of the relative size of the object in the container. In different disciplines, the expression or meaning of scale is also different. In geomatics, cartography, and geography, scale is the ratio of the actual distance to its expression on the map. With the progress of life science and information technology, we now understand humans and nature at different scales, as shown in Figure 3.1. In Figure 3.1, objects being studied in particle physics involve a 10−15 m and 10−22 s physical scale of magnitude, while astrophysics has brought us to 1016 years magnitude, the, so-called, age of the universe. The two arrows facing each other tell us that understanding humans and nature at different scales may present an overall self-similarity. The relationship between intelligence and nature is much closer than ever before, so we need to understand intelligence at different scales and make sure that self-similarity actually exists.
Mapping with GNSS
Published in Basudeb Bhatta, Global Navigation Satellite Systems, 2021
GNSS is a positioning technology that has revolutionised the surveying industry by providing the surveyor accurate and timely positioning data. For some geomatics practitioners, the advent of this technology causes wholehearted adoption for all surveying functions. It is important to realise, though, that GNSS is only one tool within the surveyor’s toolbox. Therefore, a discussion of how to make sure it is being applied correctly to the task at hand is important. This section covers GNSS and other measurement technologies such as robotic total stations and digital levels. We shall also discuss how these combined technologies can be applied most effectively to meet our total surveying requirements.
Connected Geomatics in the big data era
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2018
The information revolution and the Internet revolution expedited the development of Geomatics in the 1990s. Geomatics is the intersection and fusion of the fields of surveying, mapping, remote sensing science, and information science. As a key branch of geoscience, Geomatics provides a technical spatial coordinate framework, a mathematical basis, and information processing technologies to geoscience research. In addition, through integrating and analyzing multi-platform, multi-scale, multi-resolution, and multi-temporal space–air–ground observational data in cognitive ways, Geomatics has greatly improved our ability to observe the earth (Li 2012). Geomatics can provide human beings with a considerable amount of spatio-temporal information with high fidelity for accurate and comprehensive decision-making in various application fields. Geomatics has played an increasingly important role in the construction of Digital Earth and digital cities over the past 20 years.