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Fire safety in timber buildings
Published in Andrew Buchanan, Birgit Östman, Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings, 2023
Andrew Buchanan, Andrew Dunn, Alar Just, Michael Klippel, Cristian Maluk, Birgit Östman, Colleen Wade
In the incipient stage of a fire, human detection may be possible by sight, smell or sound. A smoke-detector activating during this stage will alert occupants in the building that are not intimate with the fire. After ignition, a growing fire can be detected by the occupants (if present) or by a heat detector. For typical burning fuel in a building, smoke detectors are more sensitive than heat detectors, especially for smouldering fires where there may be life-threatening smoke but little heat produced. Automatic fire sprinkler systems are generally activated by heat. After flashover, neighbours may detect smoke and flames coming out of windows or other openings.
Fire Safety
Published in Mavis Sika Okyere, Fixed Offshore Platforms, 2018
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected.
Fire Protection and Prevention
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
There are several categories of sprinkler systems that may include dry pipe, wet pipe, deluge, combined dry pipe and preaction, and sprinklers that are designed for limited water supply systems. A fire sprinkler system consists of a water supply that provides adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, which has sprinkler heads attached. The sprinkler heads are held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or a two- part metal link held together with fusible alloy. The sprinkler heads have varying degrees of temperature sensitivities and are color coded. These color codes are identified in Table 10.3.
Seismic Resilience of Reinforced Concrete Frame Equipped with Energy Dissipative Cladding Panel System
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Xinyu Wang, Linlin Xie, Xun Chong, Huiling Sha, Cantian Yang
Post-earthquake surveys of the Seattle Nickwali and Kona earthquakes have indicated that the losses caused by the damage to NSCs were remarkably higher than those of SCs in most buildings (Chock et al. 2006; Filiatrault et al. 2001; Gupta and McDonald 2008). Moreover, damage to NSCs has a significant impact on building functions. During the Northridge earthquake, although building collapses were not observed in the hospitals, the NSCs were severely damaged, including the rupture of fire sprinkler piping and the failure of emergency generators, which led to the loss of rescue functions in the hospitals (Achour et al. 2011; Tokas 2011). As for the Lushan earthquake, the post-earthquake rescue function of hospitals was lost owing to the damage to non-structural walls (exterior and infill walls), suspended ceilings, and medical equipment (Wang et al. 2016; Wang, Xiong, and Xu 2013). The failure of cladding panels was observed during the L’ Aquila, Emilia, and Lorca earthquakes (Belleri et al. 2015; Bournas, Negro, and Taucer 2014; Colombo and Toniolo 2012; Dal Lago et al. 2018), which significantly affected the post-earthquake functions of the buildings.
Application of multi-parametric characterization to water-based fire suppression systems in compartment fire scenarios
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2023
Hengrui Liu, Ivan Miguel De Cachinho Cordeiro, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Qing Nian Chan, Sanghoon Kook, Guan Heng Yeoh
In this study, the suppression performance is investigated based on different typical fire suppression scenarios, where both water mist and fire sprinkler systems performances for each of these scenarios can be benchmarked. It was discovered that water mist systems significantly outperform sprinkler systems in suppression centered fires from both time and utilization rate perspectives, while sprinkler systems can effectively suppress fires within a larger area, their water utilization rate is much lower. This is attributed to the spray pattern, where higher mass flux and momentum is seen at the center of water mist systems while a more evenly distributed profile is seen for sprinkler systems. It is thus desired to optimize the water mist systems by enhancing the penetrability along the radial directions to provide a larger effective suppression coverage area.
A Multi-Mode Method for Estimation of Floor Response Spectra
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2018
Xiaolan Pan, Zhi Zheng, Zhenyu Wang
It is reported from reconnaissance reports and surveys on the seismic performance of nonstructural components during the past earthquakes that failure to nonstructural components constitutes a major portion of economic losses [Filiatrault et al., 2002]. For critical facilities, the direct and indirect losses can be more than the cost of replacing the collapsed buildings or structures [Naeim, 2000]. In general, nonstructural components are categorized into two groups: acceleration-sensitive components and displacement-sensitive components. Examples of acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components include suspended ceiling systems, fire sprinkler piping, lighting fixtures, mechanical equipment, etc. Seismic damage to these light components is caused by the inertia forces due to floor accelerations that are larger than those of the ground in most cases.