China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Feasibility of Advanced Water Purification Processes
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Land Subsidence Mitigation, 2017
Proper sizing of an evaporation pond depends on accurate calculation of the annual evaporation rate. Evaporation from a freshwater body, such as a lake, is dependent on local climatological conditions, which are very site specific. To develop accurate evaporation data throughout the United States, meteorological stations have been established at which special pans simulate evaporation from large bodies of water such as lakes, reservoirs, and evaporation ponds. The pans are fabricated to standard dimensions and are situated to be as representative of a natural body of water as possible. A standard evaporation pan is referred to as a Class A pan. The standard- ized dimensions of the pans and the consistent methods for collecting the evapora- tion data allow comparatively and reasonably accurate data to be developed for the United States. The data collection must cover several years to be reasonably accurate and representative of site-specific variations in climatic conditions. Published evapo- ration rate databases typically cover a 10-year or greater period and are expressed in inches per year.
All about Water
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Evaporation rates are measured with evaporation pans. These evaporation pans provide data that indicate the atmospheric evaporative demand of an area and can be used to estimate (1) the rates of evaporation from ponds, lakes, and reservoirs, and (2) evapotranspiration rates. It is important to note that several factors affect the rate of pan evaporation. These factors include the type of pan, type of pan environment, method of operating the pan, exchange of heat between pan and ground, solar radiation, air temperature, wind, and temperature of the water surface (Jones, 1992).
Solar energy and evapotranspiration: A control of the unsaturation state in soils
Published in H. Rahardjo, D.G. Toll, E.C. Leong, Unsaturated Soils for Asia, 2020
An ‘A’ class evaporation pan (or A-pan) should be monitored at every measurement site, for comparison to the quantity of evapotranspiration calculated from the energy balance. Wind speed is also measured, as advection of heat and water vapour due to gusts of wind may give rise to anomalies in the measured energy balance. (If the test site is located in the centre of a large uniform area, this effect is minimised). Precipitation should also be measured at each site.
Coastal cities-wide estimation of daily class A pan evaporation from few hydrometeorological variables
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2023
Mehdi Mohammadi, Meysam Salarijazi, Khalil Ghorbani, Amir-Ahmad Dehghani
Evaporation is one of the most critical and effective processes in the hydrological cycle and plays a crucial role in studies related to this field (Adnan et al. 2019). This key hydrological variable makes most precipitation inaccessible (Flammini et al. 2018; Sebbar, Heddam, and Djemili 2019). Estimating evaporation from water bodies in coastal cities is of interest to researchers (Young-Robertson et al. 2018). Also, there are valuable environmental wetlands in most coastal cities, and evaporation is a critical variable in meeting their ecological needs (Delattre, Vallet-Coulomb, and Sonzogni 2015). Evaporation pans have been considered standard methods for estimating evaporation due to their relative ease of interpreting data (Jones 2018). Meteorological stations worldwide use evaporation pans as a practical tool to estimate evaporation depth (Patle, Chettri, and Jhajharia 2020).