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The many causes of mesothelioma
Published in Dorsett D. Smith, The Health Effects of Asbestos, 2015
Erionite, a fibrous zeolite, is the most mesotheliogenic, noncommercial fiber yet discovered. Natural zeolites are used in animal feed, pet litter, odor control, water purification, fertilizer, oil absorbent, and many other uses. Erionite may contaminate commercial deposits of zeolites mined in Arizona, Idaho, California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Texas, and Mexico. How many of these zeolite products are contaminated with erionite is unclear at this time, but the potential is quite large. Erionite exposure was thought initially to be a problem limited to Turkey (Baris YI, Sahin AA, Ozesmi M et al. An outbreak of plural mesothelioma and chronic fibrosing pleurisy in the village of Karain/Urgup in Anatolia. Thorax 1978;33:181–92), but it is present in most of the Western United States and Mexico, and has been implicated in mesothelioma causation in Dunn County, North Dakota. (Michele C et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:13618–23; Kliment CR, Clemens K, Oury TD. North American erionite-associated mesothelioma with pleural plaques and pulmonary fibrosis: A case report. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2009;2(4):407–10; Ortega-Guerrero MA, Carrasco-Núñez G, Barrágan-Campos H, Ortega MR. High incidence of lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma linked to erionite fibre exposure in a rural community in Central Mexico. Occup Environ Med 2015;72(3):216–8; Dogan AU, Dogan M, Hoskins JA. Erionite series minerals: Mineralogical and carcinogenic properties. Environ Geochem Health 2008;30(4):367–81; Carbone M, Yang H. Molecular pathways: Targeting mechanisms of asbestos and erionite carcinogenesis in mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18(3):598–604; Carbone M, Ly BH, Dodson RF et al. Malignant mesothelioma: Facts, myths, and hypotheses. J Cell Physiol 2012;227(1):44–58; Van Gosen BS, Blitz TA, Plumlee GS et al. Geologic occurrences of erionite in the United States: An emerging national public health concern for respiratory disease. Environ Geochem Health 2013;35(4):419–30.)
Assessing occupational erionite and respirable crystalline silica exposure among outdoor workers in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2018
Catherine Beaucham, Bradley King, Karl Feldmann, Martin Harper, Alan Dozier
Erionite is a naturally occurring fibrous zeolite mineral, first described by Eakle.[1] Erionite has 3 different compositions: Calcium (erionite-Ca), Sodium (erionite-Na), or Potassium (erionite-K) as determined by the predominant element.[2,3] During the Cenozoic era, volcanoes in the western United States produced large volumes of glassy, silica-rich volcanic ash, which was deposited or washed into alkaline salty lakes. This glassy ash was later dissolved by water and recrystallized as zeolites, including erionite.[4] Erionite was first described in this type of rock in Nevada and Wyoming and erionite has now been identified in weathered ash layers in sedimentary rocks and some volcanic rocks in Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota.[5,6] Some of the rock formations in the western United States known to contain erionite include the Wagon Bed, White River, and Arikaree.[7] The Wagon Bed rock formation is located in Wyoming, while the White River and Arikaree formations are found throughout the Custer-Gallatin National Forest (CGNF) in Montana and South Dakota, as well as in Wyoming. The formations in CGNF are believed to be of similar age and occurrence as formations in the Killdeer Mountains of North Dakota, 75 miles away. Fort Union, a non-erionite bearing rock formation, is frequently layered just below the Arikaree formation.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Erionite is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that belongs to a group of hydrated aluminosilicates called zeolites. Natural zeolites have many commercial uses, most of which are based upon the ability of these minerals to selectively absorb molecules from air or liquids. Erionite was used as a noble-metal-doping catalyst in a hydrocarbon cracking process. Although erionite displays a morphology similar to that of amphibole asbestos, it has different chemical and physical properties. Erionite initiates mesothelioma. The potency of erionite to induce mesothelioma seems higher than for any type of asbestos.
A review of the cohorts with environmental and occupational mineral fiber exposure
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2018
Selma Metintas, Guntulu Ak, Muzaffer Metintas
Two of the well–known factors in MM etiology are the exposure to asbestos and erionite, both of which are mineral fibers.6 Approximately 80% of MM cases are asbestos–related. In fact, all types of asbestos somehow are known to play role in the etiology of MM with varying risk levels.7 The other etiologic factor, erionite, is a naturally occurring mineral fiber that belongs to a group of minerals called zeolites. The exposure to erionite is seen less than that to asbestos, which occurs via environmental exposure in some parts of the world.8