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Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM)
Published in Busyairah Syd Ali, Aircraft Surveillance Systems, 2017
ICAO defined CNS/ATM as “Communication, Navigation and Surveillance systems, employing digital technologies, including satellite systems together with various levels of automation, applied in support of a seamless global air traffic management system” (ICAO, 2000). The aim of CNS/ATM is to develop a comprehensive and unified system to support the provision of Air Traffic Services (ATS) to meet growth in air travel demand with associated improvements in safety, efficiency and regularity of air traffic, providing the desired routes to the airspace users, and homogenizing the use of equipment in different regions. CNS/ATM is underpinned by a high level of automation which reduces the dependency on the human and eliminates the current constraints to optimize the airspace. The distinct features of CNS/ATM are (ICAO, 2000): mix of satellite and ground-based systems – which enable internetworking for data transfer of communication, navigation and surveillance systems from technical sites to operational units to provide complete situational awareness to controllers and pilots;global coverage – which enables complete ATC services despite the geographical structure obstacles;seamlessness – whereby continuous and reliable services are available without fail to ensure safety;interoperable systems – whereby the system is designed as redundant architecture to provide uninterrupted services;use of air-ground data link – which enables synchronized situational awareness to controllers and pilots;use of digital technologies – to mitigate the limitations of analogue technologies such as noise interruption and to adapt to new digital application systems;various levels of automation – whereby more computer applications are used to aid controllers and pilots to perform the various job functions.Figure 1.1 depicts the paradigm shift in ATM technologies, from the current CNS systems to the new CNS/ATM systems that are a mix of satellite technology and the best of the line-of-sight systems. The new technologies have the potential to support advanced ATM applications such as Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) (ICAO, 2003a) that provides situational awareness to pilots and In-Trail Procedure (ITP) (EUROCONTROL, 2009a) to give an aircraft more flexibility for efficient navigation especially in oceanic en-route areas. This in return benefits the airlines in terms of fuel consumption and most importantly reduces the environmental effects (Federal Aviation Administration, 2012). New supported applications are discussed in Chapter 4.
Investigation of mechanical and thermal properties of nanostructure-doped bulk nanocomposite adhesives
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2018
Iclal Avinc Akpinar, Ahmet Gürses, Salih Akpinar, Kürşat Gültekin, Hamit Akbulut, Adnan Ozel
Gkikas et al. [21] examined corrosion resistance on airplane structures repaired using adhesives modified with carbon nanotube. They stated that carbon nanotube-doped film adhesives increase the corrosion resistance of the structure. This reflects the superior endurance of the carbon nanotube-doped adhesives against the environmental effects in aviation applications. In addition to the single doping applications, carbon nanotubes are also used in hybrid doping. Wolf et al. [22] studied the hybrid carbon nanotube and SP1 protein-doped adhesive polymers. They reported that CNT/SP1 hybrid doping increases the carbon nanotube dispersion, prevents flocculation, and improves the mechanical properties of the adhesive.