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Water Quality and Treatment
Published in Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John, Environmental Engineering, 2022
Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John
In many jurisdictions, the monitoring and reporting of water quality is mandated by legislation. For example, in the United States and Canada, regular monitoring and data submission is required by law. In addition, municipal water systems are required by legislation to put a summary of their data on the web. As an example, in Ontario, Canada, drinking water quality is legislated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Under the SDWA, two regulations specifically relate to water quality. In Ontario, the drinking water quality standards are described in Regulation 169 and pertain to the physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of treated water. Regulation 170 details information related to sampling requirements, the reporting of adverse water quality and operational checks.
Legal Aspects of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Air and water quality standards have both primary and secondary standards. The primary and secondary drinking water quality standards are presented in terms of MCLs (enforceable standards). An MCL is defined as the permissible level of a contaminant in water at the free-flowing outlet of the ultimate user of a public water system, except in the case of turbidity, where the maximum permissible level is measured at the point of entry to the distribution system.41 In the process of setting MCLs, EPA creates maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) (nonenforceable health goals). The MCLGs are set at levels that present no known or anticipated health effects, including a margin of safety, regardless of technological feasibility or cost. The SWDA directs EPA to set MCLs as close to MCLGs as is feasible.39
Regulation and environmental health governance
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
Another distinction that can be drawn is between economic and social regulation. In broad terms, economic regulation refers to restrictions on decisions of firms and individuals over such economic variables as price, quantity, entry and exit, advertising, quality of services and investment [20]. By contrast, what are often grouped into social regulation are a range of restrictions having the objective of improving public health and environmental quality. Operators affected by environmental health legislation such as food business operators and water providers may be subject to economic, environmental and social regulations. The exact institutional framework is different across countries. For example, in England and Wales the economic regulator of water utilities is different from the environmental regulator. The environmental regulator is also different from the public health regulator. In the United States, drinking water quality standards are formulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a branch of the federal government. However, monitoring and enforcement of such standards is done by state organs. Economic regulators are instituted at state and local levels.
Service level indicators evaluation of water supply systems: water users’ perspective
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Enovwo Odjegba, Grace Oluwasanya, Olufunke Shittu, Olufemi Idowu, Gail Brion
Quality is another vital component of SLIs. It is largely categorized based on compliance to WHO Drinking-water Quality Standard and/or the National Drinking-water Quality Standards of the countries where the water supply systems are domiciled (Moriarty et al. 2011; Kayser et al. 2013). The consequences of consuming poor quality water can be fatal. Understandably, quality is also captured in some studies and associated with sanitary risk (Oluwasanya 2013a; Adank et al. 2016; Odjegba et al. 2020a). For instance, Carter (2006) was specific in describing quality with contamination sources such as latrines and animal invasion of supplies. Contaminants that influence water quality cuts across household wastes, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes and pharmaceuticals and personal care products, to mention a few. The challenge is the broad spectrum nature of contaminants and the continued emergence of new ones that current water quality treatments struggle to deal with.
Human health risk assessment and sources analysis of nitrate in shallow groundwater of the Liujiang basin, China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
He Wang, Hongbiao Gu, Shuangshuang Lan, Mingyuan Wang, Baoming Chi
A total of 88 water samples had been collected in April 2015 (Figure 2). Samples were collected from shallow (sampling depth <40 m) wells. Field parameters, such as pH, temperature (T), total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and dissolved oxygen (DO), were measured in the field using portable multiparameter water quality instrument. Groundwater was pumped for 1–3 min before sampling, and the samples were collected in two 100 mL polyethylene bottles pre-washed with dilute hydrogen nitrate and rinsed three times before filling and labeled accordingly for cations and anions analysis. The samples for cation analyses were acidified with ultrapure hydrogen nitrate to pH <2 in order to prevent major element adsorption during storage. All samples were brought back to the laboratory and stored under a constant temperature of 4°C. Cations such as kalium (K+), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Anions such as nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−) were analyzed by automatic chemical SmartChem 200; chlorine (Cl−) and sulfate (SO42−) were analyzed by ICS-2100; and carbonate (HCO3−) was determined by the hydrochloric acid standard solution titration method. The results were evaluated in accordance with drinking water quality standards given by the World Health Organization (WHO 2004). Groundwater quality for drinking was assessed, and major contaminants in the groundwater also were identified.
Perceptions of drinking water quality from private wells in Alberta: A qualitative study
Published in Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 2019
Abraham Munene, Jocelyn Lockyer, Sylvia Checkley, David C. Hall
Perceptions of well water quality become an important part of influencing the adoption of private water management practices such as testing, treatment, and other mitigation strategies (de França Doria 2010). Drinking water quality standards provide limits on the MAC of contaminants acceptable in drinking water. However, the appraisal of water quality and what constitutes ‘good’ water quality may be a social construct influenced by more factors. Therefore, it is important to understand factors that shape perceptions of water quality to develop or inform policy and practice (Jones et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2006; Summers 2010; Roche et al. 2013).