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Highways
Published in Carrie de Silva, Jennifer Charlson, Jill Dickinson, Stephen Hardy, Emma Pierce-Jenkins, Mark Simcock, Galbraith’s Construction and Land Management Law for Students, 2020
Although the mental picture which most people have of a highway is a busy road full of motor traffic, the term is far wider than that. Highways can be subdivided, and further definitions of some other common expressions will be useful: Footpath – a highway over which the public have a right of way on foot only.Footway – a part of a highway which is also a carriageway (see below), where the public have a right of way on foot only. A footway is what is commonly called the pavement at the side of a road.Carriageway – a highway over which the public have a right of way for the passage of vehicles, i.e. what is commonly called a road.Public bridleway – a highway over which the public have a right of way on foot or on horseback.Restricted byway – a highway over which the public have a right of way on foot, horseback or in non-mechanically propelled vehicles (i.e. horse-drawn carriages and cycles).Byways open to all traffic (BOAT) – a highway over which the public have a right of way for vehicular and all other types of traffic, but which is used mainly for the purpose for which footpaths and bridleways are used. BOATS are often used by 4 × 4 vehicles and off-road motorbikes, and are sometimes referred to as ‘green lanes’.Cycle track – a way constituting or comprised in a highway over which the public have a right of way on pedal cycles (not being motor vehicles) with or without a right of way on foot.Walkways – a footpath created in pursuance of an agreement between a local highway authority or district council and a building owner to provide ways over, through or under the building ‘for the dedication … of those ways as footpaths subject to such limitations and conditions, if any … as may be specified in the agreement’. (This right of way may apply to shopping centres. The reference to ‘limitations and conditions’ allows for the centres to be closed at night without infringing any right of way.)Toll roads – toll roads have not existed in this country since the abolition of turnpikes in the late nineteenth century. The first modern toll road, the Birmingham Northern Relief Road (M6 Toll Road), opened in December 2003.
A GPS data-based analysis of built environment influences on bicyclist route preferences
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2018
Peng Chen, Qing Shen, Suzanne Childress
In the first step, two safety-related factors are selected as primary factors for the principal component analyses based on previous literature. Safety is a key concern in the bicycle route choice (Ehrgott et al., 2012; Hunt & Abraham, 2007; Teschke et al., 2012; Winters, Davidson, et al., 2011; Winters, Teschke, et al., 2011), which is measured by the posted speed limit and the bicycle facility type in this study. The bicycle facility type has four levels and is recorded on an ordered categorical scale, which includes cycle tracks,14A cycle track is a type of separated route dedicated to bicycling and walking. A cycle track is commonly placed next to a major street, but separated by a curb, a hedge, or other physical barriers. bicycle lanes,15A bike lane is an element of the paved arterial route marked with painted lines. Bike lanes are designated exclusively for cyclists, but parallel with drive lane and street parking. In Washington State, the bike lanes are of three types, including protected bike lanes, buffered bike lanes, and conventional bike lanes. bicycle boulevards,16A bike boulevard is signed as being a bike route in low-volume local streets, and may have traffic circles or speed bumps at intersections. Bicyclists use the same lanes with motorists when bicycling in the bike boulevard. and arterial routes. The posted speed limits are divided into six levels, including 0, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mph. Traffic volume and the number of lanes are the two other possible factors to quantify road safety. They are excluded from this study due to the lack of required data. The BE features are measured in the unit of road segment and standardized17Standardization is to rescale the factors into a range of 0–1 bywhere X′ is the standardized value, X is the reported value, min(X) is the minimum X, and range (X) is the difference between the maximum X and minimum X. for the principal component analyses.