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Fire-Retardant Nanocomposite Coatings Based on Nanoclay and POSS
Published in Mangala Joshi, Nanotechnology in Textiles, 2020
P. Santhana Gopala Krishnan, P. Manju, S. K. Nayak
Cone calorimeter measurements (ASTM E 1354) were performed at a radiant flux of 35 kW/m2 with an exhaust flow of 24 L/s. with sample dimensions of 100 × 100 mm2 and sample thickness of 25 mm (Fig. 20.7). The samples were wrapped in aluminum foil without frame or grid, and for each sample, three repetitions were performed [13, 15]. The important parameters analyzed using the cone calorimeter are the heat release rate (HRR) or the rate of heat release (both terms are being used), the volume of smoke production, total smoke release (TSR), time to ignition (TTI), total heat evolved/released (THE/THR), the fire index of growth rate, and the production rate of toxic gases. All these obtained data are presented as graphs by plotting the respective parameters versus time [16]. A higher TTI value and a reduction in the intensity of the HRR peak show the slow combustion of the material. That is, the material can resist or retard fire to a certain extent.
Fire Testing for the Development of Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials
Published in Yuan Hu, Xin Wang, Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 2019
Bernhard Schartel, Katharina Kebelmann
For the R&D of flame retardants and flame-retarded polymers, the quantitative assessment of fire risks plays the most important role. Furthermore, some of the most common fire tests deliver only pass or failure, without offering any insight into the modes of action. However, when it comes to scientifically based development and research, identifying the main modes of action may play an essential role, and further contribute to their quantitative assessment. Measurements with the cone calorimeter allow a quantitative assessment of not only the fire risks such as HRR, PHRR, and THE arising from the burning material in developing fires, but also of the modes of action. Measuring heat and mass, and thus effective heat of combustion and char/residue yield, the cone calorimeter is a strong tool to quantify the effect of inorganic residue and carbonaceous char enhancement in the condensed phase, and flame inhibition and fuel dilution in the gas phase. Furthermore, the general impact of intumescence or the formation of a residual protection layer may be assessed with respect to reducing the heat release rate.
Reaction to fire performance
Published in Andrew Buchanan, Birgit Östman, Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings, 2023
The Cone Calorimeter described in ISO 5660-1 is the most commonly used test method to assess the reaction to the fire performance of building products. It is a sophisticated small-scale test apparatus, which is capable of measuring the heat release rate of materials and products under a wide range of thermal exposure conditions based on the oxygen consumption technique. Other useful information obtained from Cone Calorimeter tests includes time to ignition, mass loss rate, smoke production rate and effective heat of combustion. At the start of a test, a square specimen of 100 × 100 mm is placed on a load cell and exposed to a pre-set radiant heat flux from an electric heater. The heater is in the shape of a truncated cone and can provide heat fluxes to the specimen in the range 0–100 kW/m². An electric spark ignition source is used for piloted ignition of the pyrolysis gases produced by the heated specimen. The products of combustion and entrained air are collected in a hood and extracted through a duct by a blower. A gas sample is drawn from the exhaust duct and analysed for oxygen (and often for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide as well). Smoke production is determined based on the measured light obscuration in the duct using a laser photometer located close to the gas sampling point. Gas temperature at and differential pressure across an orifice plate are used for calculating the mass flow rate of the exhaust gases. The oxygen concentration and mass flow rate measurements are used to calculate the heat release rate based on oxygen consumption calorimetry (Janssens, 1991a). A schematic sketch of the Cone Calorimeter is shown in Figure 5.2.
Pre-ignition detection and early fire detection in mining vehicles
Published in Mining Technology, 2021
Cone calorimeter tests were performed at SP Fire Technology. Cone calorimeter tests allow for analysis regarding the behaviour of products when exposed to a radiant heat element (shaped as a cone). The heat element provides a uniform radiant heat flux to the sample, which is placed in a holder mounted on a load cell. Prior to the test, a desired heat flux is set, and a specified and consistent airflow is established through the cone calorimeter duct. The sample is placed below the cone shaped heater. A spark igniter is positioned above the sample surface, and a shutter (protecting the sample from the radiant heat flux) is opened, exposing the sample to the radiant heat flux and initiating the test. Upon ignition and the occurrence of a sustained flame, the spark igniter is deactivated. Throughout the test, the rising products of pyrolysis and combustion flow into an instrumented hood system above the cone heater. The products of pyrolysis, combustion as well as the oxygen concentration are analysed in the hood system, determining parameters such as the smoke production and heat release rate of the sample.
Experimental study on geometric characteristics of transformer oil jet fire under external heat source
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Ruibang Sun, Juncai Wang, Xing Yang, Peng Chen, Liusuo Wu
Theoretically, the heat of combustion is equal to the total heat released by the complete combustion of a unit amount of fuel. However, it is a challenge to achieve complete combustion in the experiment. By using effective heat of combustion to resolve this shortcoming, which is equal to the combustion efficiency multiplied by the heat of combustion. Therefore, the effective combustion heat is used to calculate the heat release rate in the experiment of incomplete combustion. The effective combustion heat is measured by a cone calorimeter.
Evolvement Investigation of Combustion Behavior of Corn Based on Cone Calorimeter
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Wei Cai, Zhixin Zhao, Xin Jin, Wenwen Guo, Xin Wang, Weizhao Hu, Yuan Hu
With the development of advanced calorimetric instruments, the cone calorimeter has been regarded as most effective tool to analyze the heat release and smoke hazards of materials under different fire scenarios (Schartel and Hull, 2007). By calculating the consumed oxygen from the oxygen concentration, the cone calorimeter can record the heat release rate, with a conversion ratio of 13.1 MJ/kg (Babrauskas et al., 1997; Parker, 1984). Therefore, with the aid of cone calorimeter, the heat release process of corn combustion can be recorded and analyzed.