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Advanced concepts of stress
Published in Malcolm Millais, Building Structures, 2017
By far the most common form of composite construction for building structures is reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete, together with structural steelwork, is widely used throughout the world for a great variety of structures, both large and small. Because concrete has no useful engineering tensile strength, the steel, usually called reinforcement or re bar, is placed in areas of the structural element where calculations predict tensile stresses. This is where diagrams like Fig. 4.18 are useful. This shows that there are tensile stresses along the bottom of the beam near the centre and these slope near the ends of the beam. So, to make a reinforced concrete beam, there would be longitudinal reinforcement in the bottom of the beam and sloping reinforcement towards the ends.
Numerical analysis of concrete filled tubular beam-columns
Published in J.A. Packer, S. Willibald, Tubular Structures XI, 2017
J.B.M. Sousa, C.F.D.G. Muniz, A.M.S. Freitas
Composite structures, also called mixed or hybrid structures, combine steel and reinforced concrete to benefit from each material characteristic. Composite construction takes advantage of the speed of construction, light weight and strength of steel, and of the higher mass, stiffness, damping properties and overall economy of reinforced concrete. One of the most suitable structural elements for this combination is the composite column, which in recent years has received much attention by researchers and practicing engineers. Steel-concrete composite columns have been employed in high-rise buildings, bridges, piers and earthquake-resistant structures.
Materials
Published in Ever J. Barbero, Introduction to Composite Materials Design, 2017
Other designations attempt to differentiate the fiber type used. For example GRP and GFRP both refer to glass fiber-reinforced plastics, and CFRP refers to carbon-reinforced plastics. Sometimes the term RP (reinforced plastic) is used when the term composite may be confusing. This is the case in the area of civil construction market [112], where composite construction means structures made of steel structural shapes and reinforced concrete used together, notably for bridge construction. The term composites will be used through this book to refer to all types of fiber-reinforced materials.
A study on main architectural and structural design considerations of contemporary supertall buildings
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2021
Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Bekir Özer Ay, Mehmet Halis Gunel
By taking into account the columns, beams, shear trusses (braces), shear walls, and outriggers as the primary structural elements (not floor slabs), this study uses the term ‘composite’ for buildings in which some structural elements are made of reinforced concrete and other structural elements are made of steel (structural member based); or those in which some structural elements are made of both structural steel and concrete together (cross-section based), or both. The significant use of composite construction can be mostly attributed to the combination of the advantages of both materials, such as the high-strength of steel, and the fire resistance (especially in case of concrete encased sections) and rigidity (coming from the inherent advantages of stiffness and damping) of reinforced concrete sections. Therefore, it may not be surprising to find out that nearly 64% of the supertall buildings are ‘composite’ (Figure 7). Among composite construction, cross-section based structural types occur 75% in the sample (i.e. concrete filled steel and/or steel encased concrete elements).
Confining effect by hot rolled steel and cold formed steel on coconut shell concrete with quarry dust
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2019
K. Gunasekaran, T.S. Lakshmi, K.S. Satyanarayanan
Concrete is a building material which is strong in compression and weak in tension resistance. Hence for structural purposes, concrete relies on steel reinforcement to carry any tensile forces (this is the role played by the steel part of a composite section, which is effectively external reinforcement), or must be pre-stressed so that even when subject to tension, an element is in net compression. In structural engineering, composite construction exists when two or more than two different materials are bound together so strongly that they act together as a single unit from a structural point of view. When this occurs, it is called composite action. A building constructed of various building materials, or using more than one construction method, such as a structural steel frame with a precast roof, or a masonry structure with a laminated wood beam roof. Composite construction consists in the use of prefabricated structural units like steel beams, precast reinforced or prestressed concrete beams in combination with in situ concrete. The construction should ensure monolithic action between the prefabricated and in situ components so that they act as a single structural unit (IS: 11384, 1985).