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European policies for short sea shipping and intermodality
Published in Tiago A. Santos, C. Guedes Soares, Short Sea Shipping in the Age of Sustainable Development and Information Technology, 2020
Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Thalis Zis
As evidenced, the majority of these studies focus on container or cruise terminals due to the higher fuel consumption and associated emissions in these ship types. Emissions reduction actions that are relevant to SSS include the provision of shore power for ships at berth, commonly known as cold ironing. The European Commission has promoted the further provision of shore power to its member states via an official recommendation. Cold ironing allows vessels to switch off their auxiliary engines at berth and eliminate local emissions, but the ship and the terminal need to invest (retrofitting the vessel and acquiring the shore power unit at port respectively). Zis (2019) argues that for cold ironing to be a viable solution, it is necessary that regulatory bodies assist its further adoption from ship operators and ports. Cold ironing is mandatory in California (USA) for ocean-going vessels, while in Europe all ports will be required to have some capability to provide shore power by 31 December 2025, according to an EU directive (EU, 2014a). Table 1.1 shows a summary of existing European terminals with cold ironing facilities, where it can be seen that most of these terminals are primarily concerned with SSS.
Maritime Transportation and Ports
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Coastal and Marine Environments, 2020
Historically, ships have burned the dirtiest type of fuel, bunker fuel. Pollutants from this source include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides carbonaceous aerosols, and ozone.[9] Particulate-matter emissions for this fuel source have been associated with asthma, heart attacks, lung cancer, and other illnesses. Terminal operations, too, emit pollutants and new regulations are requiring ports to upgrade their equipment. “Cold ironing,” for example, allows ships to utilize shore power rather than relying on their own shipboard power plants. This results in lower emissions at the port and provides the opportunity to utilize cleaner energy from the power utility.
Electrifying Off-Road Motive Power
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
In order to reduce the emissions associated with hotelling, ships at berth can “cold iron,” defined as the use of shore power by the ship instead of its own diesel generators for at-dock needs. Substantial emission reductions can be achieved through cold ironing. However, it is comparatively expensive and requires substantial infrastructure upgrades, both on shore and aboard the vessels that cold iron.
A solar energy-based shore side power system for a ferry service across the Suez Canal
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023
Ameen M. Bassam, Alexander B. Phillips, Stephen R. Turnock, Philip A. Wilson
One of the promising approaches to reduce both the GHG emissions and noise by ships at port and coastal areas is using shore side power (SSP) systems (Seddiek 2016; Winkel et al. 2016; Qi et al. 2020). SSP systems, which are also known as shore side electricity, onshore power supply or cold ironing systems, allow ships to satisfy their electricity requirements from the shore network instead of their generators while berthing. As a result, ships can shut off their auxiliary engines during their stay at port which can effectively reduce the negative environmental impacts of air emission and noise to a larger extent (Yun et al. 2018; Qi et al. 2020). Although SSP systems receive power from the national grid which mostly relies on large power plants using fossil fuels, these land-based power plants are more efficient in terms of electricity generation and more environmentally friendly than the diesel generators onboard ships. Moreover, large power plants are normally located outside the heavy populated areas which relocate and reduce the impacts of air emissions and noise away from port and coastal areas (Hall 2010; Stolz et al. 2021). Furthermore, the use of SSP systems promotes the transition towards the electrification of ships which has been proposed as a feasible solution to achieve the decarbonisation and energy efficiency of the shipping sector (Barreiro et al. 2022; Perčić et al. 2022).
Deep adaptation to climate change in the maritime transport sector – a new paradigm for maritime economics?
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2020
Jason Monios, Gordon Wilmsmeier
Both climate change and local air quality are leading some ports to take action on emissions and other negative externalities in the port area (Bergqvist and Monios 2019). One of the most well-known options is installing cold ironing to reduce emissions from ships in berths, in some cases more to save the NOx, SOx and PM which are dangerous to the health of local populations than to save carbon emissions (Innes and Monios 2018). LNG-powered generators are also an option. Some ports are using electric-powered machinery in the port area to reduce their emissions (Spengler and Wilmsmeier 2019) and there is increasing focus on generating energy onsite through wind turbines and even tidal energy (Acciaro, Ghiara, and Inés 2014). Some ports are also looking into requiring vessels to use LNG and/or slow steaming within the port area (Winnes, Styhre, and Fridell 2015; Styhre et al. 2017).
Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for effectively responding to climate change at marine ports
Published in Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 2023
Pavel Kovalishin, Nikitas Nikitakos, Boris Svilicic, Jinnan Zhang, Andrey Nikishin, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Maksim Kharitonov, Afrokomi-Afroula Stefanakou
Shore-to ship electrification, also known as Cold Ironing, is an old expression from the shipping industry that first came into use when all ships had coal-fired iron-clad engines. The term cold ironing refers to the gradual cooling of the iron engines and eventually their complete cooling. This happens when a ship ties up at the port and there is no need of feeding the fire of the iron engines. Cold ironing, in the sense of shore-to-ship electrification, has been used by the military at naval bases for many years when ships are docked for long periods (Wärtsilä Encyclopedia of Marine and Energy Technology, 2023). For example, in Russia, it was popular to use the systems at local ports since the early 70s. As the world’s vessel fleet is increasing, calls at ports are becoming more regular. Furthermore, hoteling power requirements have increased, and thus the concern of onboard generator emissions during docking periods has become the main air pollution issue. These are: Connection to the electrical grid and electrical energy transfer 20–100 kV to a local station when transformed to 6–20 kV.The electrical energy of 6–20 kV is delivered from the local station to the port’s terminal station.There is a frequency conversion from 50 Hz to 60 Hz, depending on ship’s type.Next distributed to all electrical connections of terminals. For safety reasons, special cable handling is required. This mechanism could be electromechanic or electrohydraulic.Onboard the ship-specific adaptation for connection is required.Depending on the power of the ship, the voltage is transformed to 400 V. The transformer is usually placed in the engine room.The two systems are coordinated to work in parallel.