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The spectrum of hazards and risks in construction
Published in Nael G. Bunni, Lydia B. Bunni, Risk and Insurance in Construction, 2022
3.7.47 Since 1980, many natural hazards have occurred, some of which would be more appropriately designated as natural catastrophes. In particular, the more significant of these natural catastrophes with devastating effects include: storms, typhoons, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes and last, but not least, earthquakes. Examples of the latter include the earthquake in Japan in March 2011 when a 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurred prompting a tsunami that, combined, killed about 15,690 people. That earthquake also triggered the world’s biggest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl in 1986. The direct economic loss from the earthquake, the tsunami and the nuclear disaster that followed was an estimated $360 billion. In 2011, Chile also suffered an 8.8 magnitude earthquake and tsunami that killed approximately 500 people and caused approximately $30 billion in damage.
Risk Management
Published in Yan Tan, Large-Scale Construction Project Management, 2020
It then provides the example of events that can be categorized as an “Expressional Event” as follows:war, hostilities (whether war be declared or not), invasion, act of foreign enemies; rebellion, terrorism, revolution, insurrection, military or usurped power, or civil war; riot, commotion or disorder by persons other than the Contractor’s Personnel and other employees of the Contractor and Subcontractors; (d) strike or lockout not solely involving the Contractor’s Personnel and other employees of the Contractor and Subcontractors; encountering munitions of war, explosive materials, ionising radiation or contamination by radio-activity, except as may be attributable to the Contractor’s use of such munitions, explosives, radiation or radio-activity; or natural catastrophes such as earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity, hurricane or typhoon.
The development trends in catastrophes across the world
Published in Chongfu Huang, Zoe Nivolianitou, Risk Analysis Based on Data and Crisis Response Beyond Knowledge, 2019
Xiaojun Pan, Chengyi Pu, Shilong Peng
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in the past 30 years every decade has beensignificantly warmer than the previous one, and sets a new record of the world’s highest temperature. Studies have shown that due to global warming, natural disaster-inducing factors are more active, and the frequency and scope of natural disasters and loss they cause will further increase. Due to the warming of the climate and the increase innatural variation, the risk of catastrophes such as strong typhoon, heavy rain, flood and major drought has increased. Climate change may cause uneven distributions ofprecipitation, the global pattern of “flood in the south and drought in the north” will remain, and climate change may also lead to the expansion ofarid areas and the rise of sea levels.
Assessing social vulnerability to riverbank erosion across the Vietnamese Mekong Delta
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2023
Van Pham Dang Tri, Phan Ky Trung, Thai Minh Trong, Daniel R. Parsons, Stephen E. Darby
The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), located in the downstream portion of the Mekong River, is one of the world's three most vulnerable deltas to climate change, while also playing a critical role in the global food security balance (IPCC, 2014; Jordan et al., 2020; Minderhoud et al., 2018; Nguyen et al., 2015; Smajgl et al., 2015). Climate change has resulted in changes in precipitation, temperature, and natural catastrophes, particularly increases in the severity and frequency of water-related hazards, all of which have exacerbated complex threats to the delta's socio-ecological systems (Parker et al., 2019; Smajgl et al., 2015; Witjes, 2018).
An integrated framework comprising of AHP, expert questionnaire survey and sensitivity analysis for risk assessment in mining projects
Published in International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 2019
The following attempts to describe the general risk categories of the proposed classification scheme (Figure 1): Political/Environmental risk – These are risks emanating from interactions between government, mining enterprises and the environment. These interactions are mainly governed by government policy that is at play. For instance, frequent changes to laws and regulations governing mineral taxation can increase the perceived political risk of a mining enterprise.Technical risk – Typical risks that fall under this category relate to technical challenges. Examples of risk under this class include: incorrect mineral resource calculation; unexpected high dilution of mineral material; ground failure; slope failure; breakdown of machinery; shortage of electricity and fuel supply.Financial/Economical risk – These are risks that relate to the cash flow of a mining business. Examples include: mineral price fluctuation; exchange rate fluctuation; owner financial difficulty; demand fall of minerals and market volatility.Human resource risk – Each mining project has its own human resource risks. These risks depend on the strength of human resource management of the mining enterprise. Examples of these risks include: unproductivity and unavailability of labour; labour dispute and strike; boycotts and insufficient skills of labour force.Natural risk – These are risks that are as a result of nature. Examples of risks under this category are those associated with catastrophic events such as floods, earthquakes, landslides and fires.