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Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, 2021
Benthic macroinvertebrates are the larger organisms such as aquatic insects, insect larvae, and crustaceans that live in the bottom portions of a waterway for part of their life cycle. They are ideal for use in biomonitoring, as they are ubiquitous, relatively sedentary, and long-lived. They provide a cross-section of the situation, as some species are extremely sensitive to pollution, while others are more tolerant. However, like toxicity testing, biomonitoring does not tell you why animals are present or absent. As mentioned, benthic macroinvertebrates are excellent indicators for several reasons: Biological communities reflect overall ecological integrity (i.e., chemical, physical, and biological integrity). Therefore, biosurvey results directly assess the status of a waterbody relative to the primary goal of the Clean Water Act (CWA).Biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and thus provide a broad measure of their aggregate impact.Because they are ubiquitous, communities integrate the stressors over time and provide an ecological measure of fluctuating environmental conditions.Routine monitoring of biological communities can be relatively inexpensive because they are easy to collect and identify.The status of biological communities is of direct interest to the public as a measure of a particular environment.Where criteria for specific ambient impacts do not exist (e.g., nonpoint sources that degrade habitats), biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluation.
Biomonitoring, Monitoring, Sampling, and Testing
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
As discussed earlier, benthic macroinvertebrates are the larger organisms such as aquatic insects, insect larvae, and crustaceans that live in the bottom portions of a waterway for part of their life cycle. They are ideal for use in biomonitoring, as they are ubiquitous, relatively sedentary, and long-lived. They provide a cross-section of the situation, as some species are extremely sensitive to pollution, while others are more tolerant. However, like toxicity testing, biomonitoring does not tell you why animals are present or absent. As mentioned, benthic macroinvertebrates are excellent indicators for several reasons: Biological communities reflect overall ecological integrity (i.e., chemical, physical, and biological integrity). Therefore, biosurvey results directly assess the status of a waterbody relative to the primary goal of the Clean Water Act (CWA).Biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and thus provide a broad measure of their aggregate impact.Because they are ubiquitous, communities integrate the stressors over time and provide an ecological measure of fluctuating environmental conditions.Routine monitoring of biological communities can be relatively inexpensive, because they are easy to collect and identify.The status of biological communities is of direct interest to the public as a measure of a particular environment.Where criteria for specific ambient impacts do not exist (e.g., nonpoint-sources that degrade habitats), biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluation.
Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Biological monitoring involves the use of organisms to assess the environmental condition. Biological observation is more representative as it reveals cumulative effects as opposed to chemical observation, which is representative only at the actual time of sampling. The presence of benthic macroinvertebrates (bottom-dwelling fauna) is monitored; as mentioned, these are the larger-than-microscopic organisms such as aquatic insects, insect larvae, and crustaceans, which are generally ubiquitous in freshwater and live in the bottom portions of a waterway for part of their life cycle. They are ideal for use in biomonitoring because, as mentioned, they are ubiquitous, relatively sedentary, and long-lived. The overall community is holistically reflective of conditions in its environment. They provide a cross section of the situation, as some species are extremely sensitive to pollution, while others are more tolerant. However, like toxicity testing, biomonitoring does not tell you why animals are present or absent. As mentioned, benthic macroinvertebrates are excellent indicators for several reasons: Biological communities reflect overall ecological integrity (i.e., chemical, physical, and biological integrity). Therefore, biosurvey results directly assess the status of a water body relative to the primary goal of the Clean Water Act (CWA).Biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and thus provide a broad measure of their aggregate impact.Because they are ubiquitous, communities integrate the stressors over time and provide an ecological measure of fluctuating environmental conditions.Routine monitoring of biological communities can be relatively inexpensive, because they are easy to collect and identify.The status of biological comminutes is of direct interest to the public as a measure of a particular environment.Where criteria for specific ambient impacts do not exist (e.g., non-point sources that degrade habitats), biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluation.They can be used to assess nonchemical impacts on the aquatic habitat, such as by thermal pollution, excessive sediment loading (siltation), or eutrophication.
Relationship of nutrient dynamics and bacterial community structure at the water–sediment interface using a benthic chamber experiment
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Bo-Min Ki, In Ae Huh, Jung-Hyun Choi, Kyung-Suk Cho
The benthic flux is defined as the mass of the chemicals species moving at the water–sediment interface over a period of time.[20] The benthic flux can be calculated by the following Eq. (1):where A is the surface area of the water–sediment interface in the benthic chamber (m2), n is the number of samples, and tn is the time interval (d). C0 is the initial concentration (mg L−1), Ct is the concentration (mg L−1) measured in the overlying water at time t (d), and V1 and V2 are the volumes before and after sampling of the benthic chamber (L), respectively.
Latest Cretaceous and Paleocene biostratigraphy and paleogeography of northern Zealandia, IODP Site U1509, New Caledonia Trough, southwest Pacific
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2022
Erica M. Crouch, Chris D. Clowes, J. Ian Raine, Laia Alegret, Margot J. Cramwinckel, Rupert Sutherland
In this paper, we build upon initial shipboard analyses of material from Site U1509 and examine palynomorph assemblages to revise and provide detailed biostratigraphy, age determinations, and marine and terrestrial paleoenvironmental interpretations. Paleodepth and paleoenvironmental information is provided from examination of benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Our results, combined with other records, allow for updated paleogeographic reconstructions of northern Zealandia in the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene. Modifications of the New Zealand Paleocene dinoflagellate zonation (Crouch et al. 2014) are provided and one new dinoflagellate and one new pollen species are described.