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Open Burning of Hazardous Munitions Waste
Published in Gregory D. Boardman, Hazardous and Industrial Wastes, 2022
J. Martin Hughes, James F. Phipps, Mark J. Sullivan
The next morning, the pans are inspected to determine if any propellant ejected from the pans. The ash is cleaned from the pans, and samples are collected and tested using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test. The ash and clay are transported to a hazardous waste landfill once cleaned.
Debris and Solid Wastes in Flood Plain Management
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Sama M. Al-Jubouri, Basma I. Waisi, Saeid Eslamian
The remaining waste material after waste treatment and generating of energy must be landfilled. Waste materials can be reused, recycled, incinerated, or landfilled, and both incineration and landfilling are the ultimate disposal methods that generate ash which also requires landfilling. The amount of solid waste sent to landfills is nearly zero in the Netherlands because it adopted a treatment and disposal strategy of recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy conversion (Annepu, 2012).
Resource recovery and sustainability
Published in Rumana Riffat, Taqsim Husnain, Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment and Engineering, 2022
Thermal oxidation of biosolids is practiced in locations with limited disposal sites, and less stringent regulations. The combustion process produces flue gas, from which the energy can be recovered for combustion air preheating and other energy needs, or electricity production (Metcalf and Eddy et al., 2013). The process has the potential of producing other resources as well. Ash can be used for cement or asphalt making, or phosphorus recovery. Gasification is a process that has been in practice since the 1800s to generate flue gas (also called syngas) from coal. Although the heating value of syngas is significantly lower compared to that of biogas generated from anaerobic digestion, there is increased interest and innovation to apply this technology for the processing of biosolids. Pyrolysis is a similar technology, which produces charcoal, activated carbon, and methanol at high temperatures. The process is not widely used for municipal applications. Converting sludge to liquid or oil fuel is another option, although it requires high capital and operating costs.
Pricing problem in a medical waste supply chain under environmental investment: a game theory approach
Published in Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2022
Reza Maihami, Iman Ghalehkhondabi
A healthcare facility can provide medical treatment on-site or off-site. In any case, non-hazardous waste and treated hazardous waste, such as ash from an autoclave or incinerator, are disposed of in a landfill. Figure 1 shows several common strategies for managing hazardous medical wastes. Strategy 1 includes three independent firms that handle the hazardous waste to the landfill for the final disposal. It is the most common method. Hospital waste is collected and transported to the appropriate treatment facility (or DF) by a third-party company referred to as the transfer station (or contractor). The treatment firm will take suitable disposal technology and converts waste to acceptable products by a landfill. In the final step, the treated waste is moved from the treatment facility to the landfill by either the treatment company or landfill company. In strategy 2, the healthcare facility owns both the transfer station and the treatment facility. This strategy is rare due to its high capital costs and control complexity. Strategy 3 is more common than strategy 2, in which the healthcare facility only owns the transfer station. The hospital’s in-house fleet collects and transports hazardous waste to the treatment facility. In strategy 4, the transfer station and treatment facility are run by the same company (either the treatment facility or the transfer station). This strategy is mostly used in the U.S. Strategies 2, and 4 could be called “Corporation” strategies, whereby all operations are handled by one company.
Eco-sustainable alkali activated brick using municipal incinerated ash
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
In a developing country such as India, waste disposal is a major concern. According to the studies of Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata (2012), municipal solid waste generation is approximated to be around 1.3 billlion tonnes per annum and it is anticipated to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes per annum by 2025, which is due to the significant increase in per capita waste generation. The incineration technique of solid waste management is found to reduce the disposed waste volume by 90%. A significant amount of municipal incinerated ash is produced, and its disposal is a serious concern owing to landfill dumping issues and environmental pollution aspects. In this research article, a sustainable solution is obtained for the problems of waste management and energy conservation by implementing geopolymer technology for brick manufacture using municipal incinerated ash.
Physico-chemical Characterization of sewage sludge for thermochemical conversion processes
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Bijesh Raveendravarrier, Arun Palatel, Muraleedharan Chandrasekharan
Ash is the solid inorganic and mineral residue left out after the complete burning of the biomass. The sewage sludge is characterized by its very high ash content compared to other biomasses. The proximate analysis showed an ash content of 34.95 and 37.69% by weight for DS and FDS, respectively. For a given mass, the values of volatile matter and fixed carbon contents in both DS and FDS are adjacent. However, the considerably higher value of moisture content in DS give rise to the lower ash content compared with that of FDS. The high ash content could lead to operational problem of slagging, which could block the reactor partially or even completely during the thermochemical processes such as gasification (Yao et al. 2020). The slagging tendency depends upon the melting behavior of ash and thereby correlated with its chemical composition. The ash fusion tendency increases with the increase in alkaline components present in the ash (Li et al. 2019). The ash slagging behavior is discussed in detail in section 3.2.6. The results of proximate analysis for the sludge samples RS, DS, and FDS and their comparison with other biomasses are given in Table 4.