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Surface Water Disposal Options
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater, 2017
Note that a state that meets the federal primacy requirements is allowed to set more stringent state-specific standards for this program. Because individual states can acquire primacy over their respective programs, it is not uncommon to have varying requirements from state to state. This variation is important to oil and gas industry managers because it can affect how they manage produced water within a drainage basin located within two or more states, such as the Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin. Effluent limitations serve as the primary mechanism under NPDES permits for controlling discharges of pollutants to receiving waters. When developing effluent limitations for NPDES permits, the permit writers must consider limitations based on both the technology available to control the pollutants (i.e., technology-based effluent standards) and the regulations that protect the water quality standards of the receiving water (i.e., water quality-based effluent standards).
Determining conventional and unconventional oil and gas well brines in natural samples I: Anion analysis with ion chromatography
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Tetiana Cantlay, J. Lucas Eastham, Jennifer Rutter, Daniel J. Bain, Bruce C. Dickson, Partha Basu, John F. Stolz
The extraction of tight gas and oil from shale reserves such as the Marcellus, Haynesville, Barnett and Bakken has become feasible as a result of coupling the processes of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. The result has been a dramatic increase in the United States of unconventional natural gas production from 1.3 tcf in 2007 to 17 tcf in 2016.[1] The Marcellus is one of the largest of the many Devonian age black shales found in the Appalachian Basin.[2,3] Although estimates vary on the actual amount of gas recoverable from the Marcellus Shale,[4–7] the number of nontraditional gas wells in Pennsylvania has grown from none in 2003 to 9,584 by the end of 2015.[8] Hydraulic fracturing requires large volumes of fluids, 3–5 million gallons per well on average.[9,10] The process generates liquids of varying chemical composition and total dissolved solids (TDS) such as flowback water generated during the initial stage of well production, produced water in the subsequent stages and other production fluids.[11,12] Although, the industry has significantly expanded recycling waste water, the eventual disposal of the liquid waste has included simple dilution at waste water treatments plants (POTWs), dedicated brine treatment facilities and deep well injection.[13,14]
Particulate matter emissions associated with marcellus shale drilling waste disposal and transport
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Mevlut Furkan Mol, Mengfan Li, Jeremy M. Gernand
Energy is at the very center of international commerce and human development and the consequences of ceaselessly pursuing energy resources have penetrated to every corner of the world. Projected energy consumption growth in the United States alone is predicted to be 0.4% annually from 2017 to 2050, with annual increases possibly as high as 0.7% in a high-economic-growth scenario (U.S. Energy Information Administration 2018). Conventional energy sources, such as fossil fuels, are still the largest component of energy production, although that share could decline in the future as wind, solar, and renewable biomass make up an increasing proportion. Compared to conventional hydrocarbons, production of their unconventionally extracted counterparts has increased to meet global energy demand, and such a trend is particularly evident in the United States. This increase has been especially true regarding oil and gas extracted from shale formations, sedimentary rock layers that require high pressure stimulation techniques to increase the permeability of the rock and thus the productivity of exploiting this tightly bound resource (Soeder 2012). The Middle Devonian Marcellus Formation in the Appalachian Basin holds a tremendous amount of natural gas (Phan et al. 2015), 84 trillion cubic feet of which are considered technically recoverable yet undiscovered, and 3.4 billion barrels of natural gas liquids (Coleman et al. 2011). Other estimations have yielded an even larger reserve estimate ranging between 490 and 3,800 trillion cubic feet, and claimed that the Marcellus Shale reserve could singly-handedly supply the United States gas demands for the next 180 years (Kargbo, Wilhelm, and Campbell 2010; Lee et al. 2011).