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The Research and Design Process
Published in Krystina Castella, Designing for Kids, 2018
In 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of baby bottles that contain bisphenol A (BPA), a compound frequently found in plastics. Since then, store shelves have been lined with BPA-free bottles for babies and adults alike. Recent research reveals that a standard BPA replacement, bisphenol S (BPS), may be just as harmful.116
Toxicological profile of bisphenol F via comprehensive and extensive toxicity evaluations following dermal exposure
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Sang-Sik Lee, Hyeon-Yeol Ryu, Kyu-Sup Ahn, Somin Lee, Jiho Lee, Jae Won Lee, Soo Min Ko, Woo-Chan Son
The use of bisphenol A (BPA, 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol), an industrial chemical used worldwide, reached 1.6 million tons in 2019 (PR Newswire 2019). Bisphenol A has been used as an additive in various materials, such as polycarbonate and epoxy resins, which are applied as the inner coating of food cans (Lim et al. 2009; Tsai 2006). Despite widespread usability, BPA has been classified as an endocrine-disrupting substance, producing developmental and metabolic disorders, decreased fertility, and premature sexual maturity (Bae et al. 2012; Hwang et al. 2018; Ikezuki et al. 2002; Inadera et al. 2015; Rochester 2013; Vandenberg et al. 2007; Weber et al. 2015). In particular, BPA-mediated effects on male reproductive system development have been intensively studied over the past decade (De Campos et al. 2019; Manfo et al. 2014; Pollard et al. 2019; Zhou et al. 2020). Given these growing concerns, chemicals structurally similar to BPA, particularly bisphenol F (BPF, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl-methane) and bisphenol S (BPS, 4,4′-sulfonylbisphenol), are gradually replacing its use in various industries (Rocha et al. 2015; Vervliet et al. 2019).
A critical review on remediation of bisphenol S (BPS) contaminated water: Efficacy and mechanisms
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Zheng Fang, Yurong Gao, Xiaolian Wu, Xiaoya Xu, Ajit K. Sarmah, Nanthi Bolan, Bin Gao, Sabry M. Shaheen, Jörg Rinklebe, Yong Sik Ok, Song Xu, Hailong Wang
Since governments stringently regulated the uses and applications of BPA, Bisphenol S (BPS, 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) had been developed as a ‘safe BPA substitution’ (Yang, Wang, et al., 2019). The excellent mechanical performance and thermal stability of BPS-added products (Li, Na, & Lu, 2004; Morsi, Mohamed, & El-Sabbagh, 2019), have resulted in the production of nearly 1000–10,000 tons of this product in many European countries (ECHA, 2015), as the main substitute for BPA (Choi & Lee, 2017a). The average field sediment-water partitioning coefficients, solubility, log Kow, pKa and molecular weight of BPS are 3.5 mL/g, 1100.0 mg/L, 1.65, 8.2, and 250.27 g/mol, respectively (Jin & Zhu, 2016). The chemical structure of BPS is presented in Figure 1. The water solubility of BPS (1774 mg/L) is 12 times higher than that of BPA (146.0 mg/L), which suggests BPS mainly exists in aqueous environments (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). It has been reported that wastewater treatment plant effluents discharge is the major BPS source to the environment (Lee et al., 2015). Moreover, due to the rigid groups of O = S=O (Zdarta et al., 2018), BPS is more stable than BPA under heat and light condition (Guo et al., 2016), and thus is widely used in synthetic polymers.