China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
A Comprehensive Review on Energy Storage Systems
Published in Krishan Arora, Suman Lata Tripathi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Smart Electrical Grid System, 2023
A. Gayathri, V. Rukkumani, V. Manimegalai, P. Pandiyan
For energy storage in electric vehicles, zinc-halogen-based batteries such as zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and zinc bromide (ZrBr2) are preferred. From the late 1970s, zinc chloride (ZnCl2) has been used for storage purposes in electric vehicles [8,46]. It has a greater energy density (90 Wh/L) and less specific power (60 W/kg). Due to its greater specific energy, charging capability, and low cost, zinc bromide (ZrBr2) batteries are widely used in electric vehicles for energy storage [47,48]. But nowadays, this battery type of usage is reduced due to a reduction in specific energy (90 W/kg), high bromine concentration, and the greater size needed for circulating the electrolyte solution [48,49]. The chemical reaction for the zinc bromide (ZrBr2) battery is as follows: ZnBr2(aq)⇌Zn+Br(aq)
Energy Storage and Transport
Published in D. Yogi Goswami, Principles of Solar Engineering, 2023
During discharge, Zn and Br combine into zinc bromide. During charge, metallic zinc is deposited as a thin film on the negative electrode. Bromine evolves as a dilute solution on the other side of the membrane, reacting with other agents to make thick bromine oil that sinks down to the bottom of the electrolytic tank. During discharge, a pump mixes the bromine oil with the rest of the electrolyte. The zinc bromide battery has an energy efficiency of nearly 80%.
Electric Vehicles
Published in Ali Emadi, Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives, 2017
Zinc-Bromide. The zinc-bromide battery was developed by Johnson Controls. The battery stores electricity by plating zinc onto a surface and then unplating it. A bromide electrolyte solution, which is 80% water, is pumped through the battery to cause the plating and unplating reactions. Pure bromide is extremely toxic. Safety issues were raised about the battery in a 1992 EV race when it was involved in an accident. A hose that carries the bromide electrolyte became unconnected from the battery and leaked onto the race track, releasing irritating fumes.
Three new zinc(II) complexes: design, synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Gong Li, Qiao Zhang, Shuang Yang, Mengdi Zhu, Yuejiao Fu, Ziheng Liu, Na Xing, Lei Shi
Zinc nitrate (≥99.0%), zinc bromide (≥99.0%) dichloromethane (≥99.8%) and nitric acid (65-68%) were obtained from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). Cyclohexane (≥99.5%), methanol (≥99.5%), methylbenzene (≥99.5%), acetonitrile (≥99.5%), ethanol (≥99.7%), diethyl ether (≥99.5%), hydrogen peroxide 30% (≥30%), oxalic acid (≥99.8%), trichloromethane (≥99.5%), carbon tetrachloride (≥99.5%), hydrochloric acid (36-38%), salicylic acid (≥99.5%), hydroxypropanoic acid (85–90%) and phosphoric acid (85%) were purchased from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). Cyclohexanol (≥98.5%) and cyclohexanone (≥99.5%) were obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China). Sulfuric acid (95–98%) was bought from Shenyang Xinxi Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). Zinc bromide (99.9%), zinc acetate (99.5%), zinc perchlorate hexahydrate, potassium bromide (99.9%), zinc iodide (≥98%), triphenylphosphine (≥99%), sodium 3-nitrobenzoate (≥95%), 2-nitrobenzoic acid (98%) and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (98%) were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (China). All other reagents and solvents were purchased from China Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (China).
Effect of altering linker ratio on nano-ZIF-8 polymorphisms in water-based and modulator-free synthesis
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Noor Fazrieyana Hamidon, Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Tahir, Muhammad Alif Mohamad Latif, Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
ZIF-8 properties are also related to factors such as zinc salts, molar ratios, modulators and reaction time on crystal growth. The impact of zinc salt on the morphology, crystallinity, and size of crystals was systematically studied in methanol at room temperature [26]. The reactivity of zinc salt in the growth solution markedly affected the properties produced after 1 h of reaction. For example, zinc bromide, ZnBr2, was found to generate micron-sized crystals due to its low reactivity. Meanwhile, zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2, produced nano-sized crystals with the highest surface area 1700 ± 30 m2g−1. Zinc acetate, Zn(OAc)2, and zinc sulfate, Zn(SO4), were discovered to produce larger particle sizes and have the advantage of requiring less HMeIM to produce highly crystalline ZIF-8 [27]. However, only the use of zinc acetate, Zn(OAc)2, has been thoroughly studied.
Development of a Validation Approach for an Integrated Waste Glass Melter Model
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
Donna Post Guillen, Alexander W. Abboud, Richard Pokorny, William C. Eaton, Derek Dixon, Kevin Fox, Albert A. Kruger
To decrease the number of parameters to be explored in the uncertainty space, the lower bricks of the hierarchy will be used to identify the most important parameters. For example, for the room temperature bubbling case, the focus is on the bubbling of air through the viscous substitute liquid mixture of corn syrup and zinc bromide. Thermal effects are not a factor, thus enabling a reduced set of parameters to explore for this simplified system. For the room temperature bubbling case, the list of parameters includes only the fluid properties (e.g., density, viscosity, surface tension). The list of model parameters also includes bubbler locations, liquid height, and bubbler flow rates. Even in the simplified system, a reduced list yields too many parameters to effectively explore simultaneously. However, justifications can be made for narrowing the list.