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Green Energy
Published in Jacqueline A. Stagner, David S-K. Ting, Green Energy and Infrastructure, 2020
In 2003, the overall weight of zinc–carbon batteries sold in East and West Europe accounted for about 50,197 tonnes which were equivalent to 30.50% of the total annual sale (Sayilgan et al., 2009). These batteries use zinc as the anode, manganese dioxide as cathode, and ammonium chloride/zinc chloride as the electrolyte. The recovery of valuable metals such as zinc, manganese, carbon, plastics, and electrolyte after discarding the batteries was well studied using acid and alkaline leaching processes (Shin, Kang, Yang, Kim, & Sohn, 2007).
Buried structures and underground excavations
Published in R.N. Taylor, Geotechnical Centrifuge Technology, 2018
The common choice of liquid is zinc chloride which has an exceptionally high solubility in water. Consequently very dense fluids can be produced of comparable density to soil. With such a fluid, the vertical stress at the base of the excavation is correctly modelled and a lateral stress corresponding approximately to KQ = 1 is achieved. The use of zinc chloride solution was first reported by Lade et al (1981) and was subsequently used by Kusakabe (1982), Taylor (1984), Powrie (1986) and Phillips (1986). Zinc chloride solution is highly corrosive and should be used with care (see section 4.1.3).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Exposures to zinc chloride cause adverse health effects and poisoning. On contact with the skin, zinc chloride causes skin burns and ulcerations, redness, eyes develop pain and blurred vision, and any splashes from solutions may cause eye damage. It is extremely destructive to the tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. The symptoms of toxicity include, but are not limited to, burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting, and irritation or corrosion to the gastrointestinal tract with abdominal pain. After repeated exposures of zinc chloride through skin contact, occupational workers develop varying degrees of skin problems, such as dermatitis and skin ulcerations. Repeated inhalation of zinc chloride causes occupational asthma among workers.
Heavy metals in municipal waste: the content and leaching ability by waste fraction
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Zinc compounds are often found in spent batteries [29]: as an anode in zinc-air, alkaline, silver-oxide, and silver-zinc batteries or as electrolyte zinc chloride and zinc casing used in zinc-carbon and zinc-chloride batteries. A new source of zinc is waste nickel-zinc batteries from electric vehicles. Besides, many polymers contain zinc salts to avoid excess generation of chlorine and chlorides. Zinc compounds can be also detected in used office appliances and condensers of electrical devices. Zinc sulfate and zinc phosphide are widely used in cosmetics, medicines, and pesticides. Interestingly, Prechthai [30] reported relatively high zinc concentrations in food waste. High water-solubility of these zinc compounds results in their easy release into the environment. It also must be noted that zinc phosphide reacts with water to produce the toxic gas phosphine.
Zinc adsorption from aqueous solution on biosorbent from urban pruning waste
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Gustavo Bordon Sia, Laís Gimenes Vernasqui, Nelson Consolin-Filho, Morgana Suszek Gonçalves, Flávia Vieira da Silva Medeiros
The kinetic study was performed in duplicate, adapting the methodology used by Zhou et al. [34]. For that purpose, experiments were performed in continuously stirred flasks containing 40 mL zinc solution with an initial concentration of 10 mg L−1 and 0.5 g of thermally treated biosorbent from 0 to 1440 min at 30°C and 150 rpm. The zinc solution has been prepared by the dissolution of zinc chloride in ultra-pure distilled water. For pH effects, pH equal to 5.0 has been used, and in order to adjust the solutions, HNO3 (0.2 mol L−1) or NaOH (0.2 mol L−1) have been used. In order to separate the solution from the biosorbent, samples were vacuum filtered with a sintered glass filter.
Upgrading low-rank coals (Çan, Çanakkale/Turkey) by float-sink separation in dense media
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
The representative coal sample taken from TKI Çan (Çanakkale/Turkey) lignite coalfield was screened into three sub-size fractions. Ash, sulfur contents and calorific values of each sized fraction were determined, and the results are presented in Table 1. As seen from Table 1, the sulfur values decreased towards fine sizes but there was no significant change in the ash values and also the calorific values. The density of the zinc chloride used for sink-float tests was 2.93 g/cm3 at 25°C.