China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor Barriers
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Borate preservatives (SBX) are nature's powerhouse for defense against fungi, termites, beetles, carpenter ants, and scorpions. AWPA acceptable borate compounds include disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), sodium octaborate, sodium tetraborate, sodium pentaborate, and boric acid. As per the AWPA, SBX with a retention of 0.28 lb. ft−3 are excellent for treating typically preservative-resistant Formosa termites as opposed to SBX with a retention of 0.17 lb. ft−3 that does not protect from Formosa termites (AWPA 2015). The main drawback to SBX is that—in the presence of water—it will leach out of treated lumber, dissipate, and lose its effectiveness. Thus, it is applicable only on dry surfaces such as framing lumber. If the lumber should somehow get wet (e.g., a water leak in the plumbing), its effectiveness will dissipate and be rendered ineffective. Beyond pre-pressure treated lumber, SBX can be and is often applied to the surface of sill plate lumber prior to wall placement. Zinc borate has a lower water solubility than other borates and is typically added to the finish or wax coat that is applied to wood composites. Borates are odorless and not toxic to humans. Borate treated lumber does not pose a toxic emissions hazard. As borates are not combustible, the thermal decomposition products of treated lumber would be carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Use of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers for Multifunctional Flame Retardant Polymer Composites
Published in Yuan Hu, Xin Wang, Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 2019
In a final example, VGCNF was combined with an organophosphinate (Clariant GmbH OP930) in a bisphenol F, aromatic amine cured epoxy (Morgan and Galaska 2008). Zinc borate was also used in some of the formulations for additional flame retardant enhancement. Via the use of small-scale heat release testing (namely, micro combustion calorimeter, ASTM D7309), the combination of VGCNF, organophosphinate, and zinc borate showed the greatest reduction in heat release when compared to control samples and even samples containing the same flame retardant, but using an organoclay rather than VGCNF as the nanoparticle for flame retardant enhancement.
Latest trends for structural steel protection by using intumescent fire protective coatings: a review
Published in Surface Engineering, 2020
Muhammad Yasir, Faiz Ahmad, Puteri Sri Melor Megat Yusoff, Sami Ullah, Maude Jimenez
Boron-based compounds are well known as flame retardants across the globe [129]. The most widely used flame retardants include borax, zinc borate, barium metaborate and ammonium fluoroborate. Boron compounds help in fire suppression in both condensed and vapour phases. They have structures that are mostly Lewis acids, which form cross-linked polymeric material during thermal degradation and resulted in minimised decomposition and volatile combustibles [130]. Boron compounds form a glassy ester when it reacts with the hydroxyl groups (OH-) in the polymers. Then, during the charring phenomena, ester forms a protective layer on the substrate surface, thus decreasing the solid-state carbon oxidation. Furthermore, it is a well-known commercial exercise that the reduction in the afterglow effect can be minimised when the zinc borate reacts with metal hydroxide flame retardant systems.