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Thin-Layer Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Elena Dreassi, Giuseppe Ceramelli, Piero Corti
Medina and Schwartz40 report a method for the identification of residues of treatments with anabolic hormones on tissues of various animal species, searching for the compounds themselves and their metabolites. The main components that have been studied are estradiol, estrone, diethylstilbestrol, zeranol, zearalanone, and mycotoxins, zearalenone and zearalenol. In the first place the compounds are extracted from their biological matrices (plasma and tissue) with a clean-up procedure using solid-phase dual columns of alumina and anion–exchange resin, and after elution with a mobile phase constituted of dichloromethane–methanol–2–propanol (97:1:2, v/v/v) on silica gel TLC plates two systems of analysis are used: Fast Corinth V salt and iodine and starch. In both cases all the compounds could be found, although some of them had a not quite satisfactory sensibility limit. With Fast Corinth V the spots of zeranol and zearalenone (respectively 2 and 4 ng) are detectable, while faint spots for the phenolic estrogens were obtained. But these last compounds have a much stronger reaction if treated with iodine and starch, bringing out values for estradiol and diethylstilbestrol of 4 ng. This method can thus be considered selective for detection of zeranol and its metabolite, zearalanone, in the presence of steroidal compounds.
Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Herman Autrup, Frank A. Barile, Sir Colin Berry, Bas J. Blaauboer, Alan Boobis, Herrmann Bolt, Christopher J. Borgert, Wolfgang Dekant, Daniel Dietrich, Jose L. Domingo, Gio Batta Gori, Helmut Greim, Jan Hengstler, Sam Kacew, Hans Marquardt, Olavi Pelkonen, Kai Savolainen, Pat Heslop-Harrison, Nico P. Vermeulen
In 2001, Leffers et al. (2001) compared the estrogenic potency of the synthetic estrogen zeranol, used as a growth promoter in meat production, and five related compounds, with the potency of 17β-estradiol, DES, genistein, and bisphenol A (BPA). Potency was assessed by analyzing differences in expression levels of endogenous estrogen-regulated genes in human MCF7 cells. Zeranol, 17β-estradiol, and DES had approximately equal potency. Genistein was four to six orders of magnitude less potent than 17β-estradiol but still an order of magnitude more potent than BPA. The very high potency of zeranol compared to the other potential endocrine disrupters suggests that zeranol intake from beef products may have a greater impact on consumers than the amounts of the known or suspected S-EDCs (e.g., BPA, DEHP, o,p’-DDT, PCPs, nonylphenol, dieldrin) present in food. The authors recommend reliable measurements of the concentration of zeranol in human serum after ingestion of meat products from treated animals, because zeranol is consumed in doses that may actually have hormonal activities.