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Biomass, Biofuels, Waste-to-Energy Recovery
Published in Radian Belu, Energy Storage, Grid Integration, Energy Economics, and the Environment, 2019
Biogas can also be used as fuel in internal combustion engines. The CNG technology that is currently available in India can be used in both ways as biogas and an automotive fuel. Wood gas is the third alternative representing standardized fuel made from biomass. This technology does not lend itself well to being used in domestic cook-stoves, but larger stoves, used in bakeries, cafeterias or restaurants can be based on it. However, wood gas is currently used as fuel in internal combustion engines for generating electricity. Many such units are today in operation. Biogas based electricity generation should be seriously considered by planners and administrators as a means of supplying electricity to remote villages. The electricity demand of a village is usually not very high, and supply of this electricity from a central generating facility is very expensive because of the system capital expense. There are also losses and theft of electricity when it is transmitted over longer distances. The village level generators are operated by the villagers themselves. They can generate electricity as and when they want and can use it for whatever purpose they want. The issues and problems of alcohol for fuels are similar to those of biodiesel. Currently, alcohol for fuels is made from molasses, a free by-product of the sugar industry. As the cost of sugarcane, its harvest, transport, and processing are borne by sugar, the present cost of alcohol is low. But if crops like sugarcane, sugar beet or sweet sorghum are grown exclusively for alcohol production, the above mentioned costs would have to be borne by alcohol, which then would not be so cheap.
Electricity generation
Published in Sven Ruin, Göran Sidén, Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
Wood gas arises from partial combustion of wood and is closely related to synthesis gas. Normally, the wood gas also contains pollutants, primarily tars, which should be cleaned to, for example, avoid availability problems. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas are combustible, for example in an internal combustion engine. A car running on wood gas uses about 3–5 kg of wood to replace one liter of petrol.
The Other Energy Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
Wood gas is a synthetic fuel in gaseous form, which can be used to fuel furnaces and stoves. After special processing, it can also be used as vehicle fuel instead of gasoline, diesel or other fuels. Wood and other biomass materials are gasified within oxygen-limited environment in a wood gas generator to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
A detailed study of IC engines and a novel discussion with comprehensive view of alternative fuels used in petrol and diesel engines
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
I. Vinoth Kanna, M. Arulprakasajothi, Sherin Eliyas
The methane number is a proportion of the inclination for a vaporous fuel to thump. As demonstrated in Table 4, Malenshek and Olsen (2009) found a straight relationship between the most extreme pressure proportion and the methane number, for an assortment of vaporous powers, including coal gas, wood gas, digester gas, and landfill gas. A fuel's methane number restrains the greatest pressure proportion and, in this way, the hypothetical motor productivity. For instance, a motor streamlined to work on flammable gas with a methane number of around 90 is defenseless to thump when worked on gases that have a lower methane number, for example, coal gas which has a methane number of 24. The octane number of methane is 120 (RON), one of the most astounding qualities for hydrocarbon energises.
Historicizing renewables: issues and challenges
Published in History and Technology, 2021
This special issue is, therefore, dedicated not only to past uses of renewables, but also to past energy futures, and to the reasons why those futures were realized or not. Tapping into this rich and largely unexplored field, the volume features seven case studies on different renewable energy sources and technologies, including biomass (e.g. wood gas, fuel alcohol), wind irrigation, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and heat pumps, the latter as a technology that could be fruitfully combined with renewable energies. Scrutinizing the bumpy history of renewables from an ‘envirotech’ perspective that explores the interrelations and juxtaposition of society, technology, and the natural environment, the case studies in this volume focus on technological and environmental challenges, socio-economic and cultural contexts, as well as collective and individual motives that drove people to advocate or reject usage of renewable energies and energy technologies in different geographical and temporal contexts.10
Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 3: Optical properties of black and brown carbon emissions
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Jake Lindberg, Marilyn Wurth, Brian P. Frank, Shida Tang, Gil LaDuke, Rebecca Trojanowski, Thomas Butcher, Devinder Mahajan
The wood-fired hydronic heaters investigated in this study are residential scale biomass units representative of devices certified by EPA for sale in the U.S. Overall, both appliances had reported mass emission rates of 30–32 mg/MJ with similar maximum rated heat outputs, between 30 and 35 kW. The reported thermal efficiency of the appliances was 67–68%. Both appliances featured two-stage combustion, with the first stage being a gasification step. Gasification combustion is a two-stage process; wherein wood gas produced in the primary firebox by inadequately oxygenating the coal bed followed by a secondary combustion process using wood gas as fuel (van Loo and Koppejan 2008). The second combustion stage of each appliance was different. The second stage for hydronic heater A (HH A) was catalytic combustion, while hydronic heater B (HH B) relied on a standard combustion techniques. The fuel used in each experiment was red oak cordwood. Red oak was chosen, due to its high heating value, low volatiles content, prevalence in the northeast (Fine et al. 2001). The moisture content and weight of each piece of fuel was measured prior to testing to ensure the proper amount of fuel was used in each test section and that the average moisture content of each fuel charge was between 19% and 25% on a dry basis. The test protocol includes ten distinct phases in which the appliance is fueled three times, in order to test multiple permutations of fuel loading density and heat output. A graphical representation of the heat output and firebox loading density is shown in Figure 1 and descriptions of each burn phase are given in Table 1, adapted from Trojanowski et al. (2022).