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Urban water infrastructure
Published in Jiri Marsalek, Blanca Jiménez-Cisneros, Mohammad Karamouz, Per-Arne Malmquist, Joel Goldenfum, Bernard Chocat, Urban Water Cycle Processes and Interactions, 2014
Jiri Marsalek, Blanca Jiménez-Cisneros, Mohammad Karamouz, Per-Arne Malmquist, Joel Goldenfum, Bernard Chocat
In recent years, more attention has been given to conserving water rather than developing new water sources. In many countries, this has been accepted for both economic and environmental reasons as the best solution for meeting future water demands. Water demand management is an appropriate strategy to improve efficiency and sustainable use of water resources, taking into account economic, social, and environmental considerations (Wegelin-Schuringa, 1999; Butler and Memon, 2005). In this approach, increasing attention is paid to water losses and unaccounted for water, which generally include:
Introduction
Published in Mohammad Karamouz, Azadeh Ahmadi, Masih Akhbari, Groundwater Hydrology, 2020
Mohammad Karamouz, Azadeh Ahmadi, Masih Akhbari
Developing water-saving technologies should be considered in developing water demand management strategies. These methods cover a wide range of solutions, such as dual-flush toilets, flow restrictors on showers and automatic flush controllers for public urinals, automatic timers on fixed garden sprinklers, moisture sensors in public gardens, and improved leakage control in domestic and municipal distribution systems. All these measures are practical, but regulations and incentives are needed for their implementation.
Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes in Combined Systems for Wastewater Reuse
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Sweta Parimita Bera, Günay Yıldız Töre, Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 2022
Feryal Akbal, Burcu Özkaraova, Ayşe Kuleyin
Higher water withdrawals have resulted in recognizable deterioration in the quantity of water resources. Generally, the recharge of water resources relies on the precipitation regime and climatic and geological conditions. Thus, the renewability of water resources is highly variable and therefore questionable. When renewable water potentially does not compensate for water withdrawal, water scarcity (lack of water) appears as a problem to be solved. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2016), more than 1.7 billion people are living in river basins where the water withdrawal is higher than the recharge. The business-as-usual climate scenario foresees a global water deficiency of 40% by 2030 (2030 WRG, 2009). According to the United Nations World Water Developing Report (UN, 2018), more than half of the world population will experience water scarcity to some degree. Water stress, on the other hand, may also occur due to water quality deterioration and reduced accessibility to water resources in addition to reduced availability/quantity (Schulte and Morrison, 2014). Water management generally covers all three aspects, namely availability, quality and quantity. Water management can be carried out following two different perspectives – water demand management and water supply management. Water demand management generally involves policies and strategies that enable more efficient water use and thus a reduction in water use. Reuse of wastewater (e.g., gray water) or treated wastewater, usage of water-efficient equipment/machinery and reduction in water losses (e.g., leakage) are among the main water demand management practices. Water supply management, on the other hand, covers engineering incentives for finding new resources and/or developing new water supply systems (e.g., reservoirs). Here, water resources management becomes an important issue especially for water-scarce countries, when such engineering incentives become costly. The protection of water resources, regarding both its quantity and its quality, becomes more and more important.
Attitude, behaviour and choice: the role of psychosocial drivers in water demand management in Singapore
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2020
When the late writer of social and political philosophy, Eric Hoffer, wrote that ‘when people are free to do as they please, they usually imitate each other’, he was suggesting how strongly mimicry features in human society. Recognizing that imitation can play an important role in determining how people respond to the behaviour of others, normative concerns are thus a crucial determinant of an individual’s likelihood to engage in water conservation behaviours, as they make people sensitive to what ‘ought’ to be done according to the perceived social norms (Lindenberg & Steg, 2007). These considerations play a critical role in the acceptance and enactment of water demand management policies. Steg (2008) asserts that individuals are more likely to align themselves with such policies when they value water conservation beyond its economic significance and when they see themselves in a social contract to be morally obliged to use the resource prudently. As such a goal frame can influence the way people think about and use water, it is good to complement other water demand management approaches, such as the installation of water-efficient appliances (Fielding et al., 2013). Even in the absence of monetary incentives or when the actions may cause inconvenience or discomfort to oneself, those motivated by normative goals are more likely to be able to adapt to changing circumstances and carry on being pro-environmental (Lindenberg & Steg, 2007).
Foreword
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2020
These efforts to enhance our water supply must be complemented by good water demand management. Water needs to be priced right to reflect the latest cost of water supply and its scarcity value. At the same time, PUB has consistently promoted water conservation through the years and encouraged homes and industry to use more efficient water fittings, equipment and processes. Household water consumption per capita has fallen from 165 litres per day in 2003 to 141 in 2018, and is targeted to fall further to 130 by 2030.
Modeling water consumption in multifamily buildings: a case study in Southern Brazil
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2021
Kairo Pereira Teodoro da Silva, Andreza Kalbusch, Elisa Henning, Guilherme Araújo Lira Menezes
Establishing effective demand management policies is particularly interesting to authorities (Liu et al. 2017), and forecasting water demand is crucial for the efficient management of water supply systems (Cutore et al. 2008; Smolak et al. 2020). According to Manouseli, Kayaga, and Kalawsky (2019), water utilities must consider water demand management as an option to bridge the gap between supply and demand.