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Mixtures of Ideal Gases
Published in Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein, Thermodynamics and Heat Power, 2020
Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein
That is, the mole fraction of a component also equals the volume fraction of that component in the mixture. The volume fraction is defined as the ratio of the partial volume of a constituent to the total volume of the mixture. Amagat’s law and Dalton’s law are equivalent to each other if the gases and the mixture are ideal gases. The following two examples will serve to illustrate the concept of mixture volume.
Viscoelastic composite materials
Published in Roderic S. Lakes, Viscoelastic Solids, 2017
The properties of composites are greatly dependent on microstructure. Composites differ from homogeneous materials in that considerable control can be exerted over the larger scale structure, and hence over the desired properties. In particular, the properties of a composite depend on the shape of the heterogeneities, on the volume fraction occupied by them, and on the interface between the constituents. Volume fraction refers to the ratio of the volume of a constituent to the total volume of a composite specimen. The shape of the heterogeneities in a composite is classified as follows. The principal inclusion shape categories (Fig. 9.1) are the particle, with no long dimension; the fiber, with one long dimension; and the platelet or lamina, with two long dimensions. The inclusions may vary in size and shape within a category. For example, particulate inclusions may be spherical, ellipsoidal, polyhedral, or irregular. Cellular solids are those in which the “inclusions” are voids or cells, filled with air or liquid. Cellular solids include honeycombs, in which the structure is largely two dimensional; and foams, in which the structure is three dimensional. Foams can be open cell, in which the foam has a structure of “ribs”, with no barrier between adjacent cells; or closed cell, in which plate or membrane elements separate adjacent cells. Open-cell foams are of particular interest in the context of viscoelasticity, since viscoelastic damping can arise as a result of the viscosity of fluids (such as water or air) moving through the pore structure as discussed in §8.4. The coated spheres morphology has multiple length scales. The entire volume is filled with particles of one phase coated with a layer of a second phase. This morphology is used in theoretical analyses of extremal behavior.
Prediction of slamming pressure considering fluid-structure interaction. Part I: numerical simulations
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2022
Dac Dung Truong, Beom-Seon Jang, Han-Baek Ju, Sang Woong Han
The coupling mechanism between the MMALE and the stiffened plate model is controlled by the keyword *Constrained_Lagrange_In_Solid, and its parameters are manually defined to properly reflect the physical behaviour of interactions. The penalty factor f, in Eq. (A.4), is a multiplier of the contact stiffness between the materials in contact. Cheon et al. (2016) observed that the difference in calculated pressures with penalty factors 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 was minor; thus a penalty factor of 0.1, as the default, is used for the present simulations. Because the mesh size of the structure and the impact fluid domain is generated to be identical, the number of coupling points distributed over each coupled Lagrangian surface segment is set by default to 2. A normal direction with compression and tension for the coupling direction is defined. The minimum volume fraction is set as zero. As the water velocity is relatively low, no leakage control is employed.