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Physiology of the Human Biliary System
Published in Wenguang Li, Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Biomechanical Modelling with Physiological and Clinical Elements, 2021
Fluid mechanics is the study that deals with the action of forces on fluids. It involves various properties of the fluid, such as velocity, pressure, density and temperature, as functions of space and time. The flow system of the human biliary system is composed of the GB, biliary tract and bile. The fluid velocity, pressure and the shear stress in fluid and at wet solid walls can be calculated by solving the flow governing equations in the system.
Historical development of the science of water
Published in Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena, Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources for Civil Engineers, 2021
Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena
Fluid mechanics provides the basic scientific backbone of water science, followed by hydraulics which provides the applications of fluid mechanics to practical problems. Hydrology deals with the occurrence and movement of water in the earth system via the different processes of the hydrological cycle. Developments in each of these three areas have taken place since ancient times through contributions made by various philosophers, mathematicians, scientists and engineers from various regions. A partial list of the pioneers in these fields is given at the end of this chapter.
Fundamental Concepts
Published in William S. Janna, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition, 2020
Fluid mechanics is the branch of engineering that deals with the study of fluids—both liquids and gases. Such a study is important because of the prevalence of fluids and our dependence on them. The air we breathe, the liquids we drink, the water transported through pipes, and the blood in our veins are examples of common fluids. Further, fluids in motion are potential sources of energy that can be converted into useful work—for example, by a waterwheel or a windmill. Clearly, fluids are important, and a study of them is essential to the engineer.
Ka rere ngā mea katoa – everything flows
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Geoff Willmott, Mathieu Sellier, Cassidy Wilgar, Fabien Montiel
Everything flows – or ‘panta rhei’ in ancient Greek – is a saying credited to Heraclitus symbolising the fact that everything around us is in a constant state of flux. Indeed ‘since the earth is 75% covered with water and 100% covered with air, the scope of fluid mechanics is vast and touches nearly every human endeavour’ as written by Frank M. White in a classical textbook (White 2017). Fluid mechanics is the science of anything that flows and it underpins weather systems, ocean circulation, vehicle aerodynamics, vascular or pulmonary mechanics, rocket dynamics, air conditioning systems, riverbank erosion, and many more natural or applied science applications. For this reason, fluid mechanics is a fundamental component of the curriculum for many university programmes such as physics, civil/mechanical/chemical engineering, and applied/pure mathematics. Fluid mechanics is the subject matter glue which binds a very diverse academic community involving mathematicians, engineers, physicists, rheologists, and chemists alike.
Large eddy simulation for improvement of performance estimation and turbulent flow analysis in a hydrodynamic torque converter
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2018
Chunbao Liu, Jing Li, Weiyang Bu, Wenxing Ma, Guang Shen, Zhe Yuan
The Reynolds number (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics that is used to evaluate flow patterns. It represents the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous force in the fluid: where is the mean fluid velocity and L is the characteristic length scale. Figure 9 shows the Re distribution in the pump–turbine interface (SR = 0), illustrating that the internal flow of the TC is fully developed turbulence with high Reynolds numbers. When compared with the reference RANS model, it can be seen that the Re results between the blades obtained by the KET model are more complex and constantly changing, which might be due to the properties of the unsteady simulation. The LES method was able to capture the transient flow phenomena, which is the key reason for the improvement in performance prediction, while the time-averaged method seems to be inaccurate and unreliable.
Dewatering of Copper Flotation Tailings: Effect of Feed Dilution on the Thickener Performance
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2019
Mohammad Reza Garmsiri, Ataollah Nosrati
Bernoulli principle, which is widely used in fluid mechanics, reveals the relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation of a flowing fluid. Using Bernoulli equation (White 2016) to assess the performance of an eductor by considering points (A) and (B) in its pipe and nozzle (Figure 1), Eq. (11) is obtained: