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Carbon Nanotubes as Sensors in Food and Agricultural Applications
Published in Soney C. George, Jacob Philip, Ann Rose Abraham, A. K. Haghi, Carbon Nanotubes for Energy and Environmental Applications, 2023
Binila K. Korah, Anu Rose Chacko, Sneha Mathew, Beena Mathew
Enhanced performance was obtained when fullerene functionalized carbon nanotubes were explored for the design of electrochemical sensors for the detection of pesticides. Two major works reported on the application of fullerene functionalized CNTs were used for the detection of carbendazim and vinclozolin.118,119 In the work which describes the detection of endocrine disruptor vinclozolin, the design of sensor involved GCE surface modified with fullerene functionalized MWCNT in a particular ratio (2:1 w/w) followed by treatment in a 0.1 mol/L tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) solution prepared in acetonitrile (Figure 6.6). Another work for the determination of carbendazim also involved the use of glassy carbon electrode as the bare electrode with modification. Both the sensors were successful in detecting pesticides in the real samples with efficiency. There are also reports on quantum dot (QD) decorated MWCNTs for the determination of pesticides. Feng et al. reported the design of sensor based on ZnSe QD decorated MWCNTs for the determination of pentachlorophenol by using differential pulse voltammetric technique.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
On the other hand, growing progress has been made in the recognition of epigenetic modifications in human chronic diseases, particularly cancer. Cancer is now considered as an epigenetic disease, the same as a genetic disease. There is tremendous evidence on the contribution of epigenetic events in the initiation, promotion, and progression of different types of cancers, mainly through silencing of tumor suppressor genes and/or activation of proto-oncogenes. These modifications have allocated such a fundamental role in cancer development that epigenetic therapy of cancer is rapidly growing in medical sciences.1124 In addition, epigenetic changes currently have been a powerful tool for studying the carcinogenesis mechanisms of occupational and environmental exposures.1125 The first note on pesticide-induced carcinogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms was from a study carried out by Maslansky and colleagues in 1981. They reported hepatocarcinogenesis of organochlorine pesticides with no genotoxic effects in hepatocytes and suspected to epigenetic modifications disrupting intracellular communications.1126 Later, reports presented about epigenetic actions of vinclozolin, a fungicide known to be an environmental endocrine disruptor, in association with adult-onset diseases, particularly tumor development.1127 Pesticides were introduced as carcinogens acting through epigenetic or nongenotoxic mechanisms.752
Insights into Pathways of Biodegradation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by Microbes
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
Kulal Deekshitha, Shetty K. Vidya
Bacteria have the ability to utilize these compounds and use them as the carbon source and detoxify them; hence, bacterial degradation has been an advanced technique in removing these compounds from the environment (Kumar and Chandra 2018). Lee et al. (2008) investigated the microbial degradation of endocrine disruptor vinclozolin and its toxic metabolite 3,5-dichloroaniline. Vinclozolin is a chlorinated fungicide used in the treatment of fungal infections. 3,5-Dichloroaniline, a degradation product of vinclozolin, is found to be more toxic and persistent than the parent compound. It was found that Rhodococcus sp. T1-1 strain isolated from pesticide-polluted agriculture soil was able to biodegrade both vinclozolin and metabolite 3,5-dichloroaniline with degradation ratios of 90% and 84.1%, respectively. Ruiz et al. (2013) isolated five bacterial strains capable of utilizing polyethoxylated nonylphenol as its carbon source, among which Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain Yas2) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (strain Yas1) were found to be efficient degraders under optimum conditions of pH 8 and temperature of 27°C. After 24 hours of incubation, COD values were reduced by 95% and 85% by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively. Qhanya et al. (2017) reported the isolation and enrichment of six nonylphenol-degrading bacterial strains from different soil samples, which can utilize nonylphenol as its carbon source. This is the first report of endocrine disruptor nonylphenol-degrading bacteria from South Africa. From phylogenetic analysis, it was found that out of six bacterial isolates, four belonged to Pseudomonas, while the other two belonged to Enterobacteria and Stenotrophomonas. All six bacterial isolates showed around 41%–46% degradation of nonylphenol 12 hours after addition in broth cultures.
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
According to one in vivo study in mice, maternal exposure to DEHP correlated with DNA hypermethylation in the insulin-like factor 3 gene, which is responsible for testosterone production; hence, causing testicular dysfunction.[227] Based on a study, leydig cells (LCs) death due to the utilization of ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS) led to the reduction in testosterone production and was correlated with spermatogenesis process disruption. Also, it has been demonstrated that maternal exposure to vinclozolin caused altered DNA methylation in some genes in male offspring and affected their sperms.[228]