China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Mechanobiology of Bladder Urothelial Cells
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Shawn Olsen, Kevin Champaigne, Jiro Nagatomi
As stated earlier, urothelial cells have been found to express several types of ion channels that are considered mechanosensitive (Table 20.1). These channels include members of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family [10] and members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels, including specifically TRPV1 [60] and TRPV4 [61,62]. TRP channels are a family of over 20 members prevalent in many mammalian tissues that have been demonstrated to respond to a variety of stimuli [60,63–65]. TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels, which are in the vanilloid subfamily, are typically activated by heat, mechanical stimuli, and naturally occurring vanilloids [66]. While several studies have successfully demonstrated that some or all of these ion channels appear to be activated during bladder filling, the precise role that these ion channels play in urothelial mechanotransduction has not yet been determined. The following sections review the current literature on TRPV1, TRPV4, and ENaC channels and their role in bladder mechanotransduction.
Structure elucidation capabilities on typical pharmaceutical drugs by new nuclear magnetic resonance technology: a 400 MHz high-temperature superconducting power-driven magnet NMR system
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2019
Maria Victoria Silva Elipe, Neil Donovan, Robert Krull, Donald Pooke, Kimberly L. Colson
Compound I, (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid—N-[4-({6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrimidin-4-yl}oxy)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]acetamide (1/1) (Figure 1), was discovered by structure–activity relationship to be an investigational anti-inflammatory drug, being a potent and selective antagonist of the vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1) for the treatment of acute and chronic pain.[9,10] However, due to the poor solubility, it was developed as a sorbic acid cocrystal to improve its pharmacokinetics profile.[11–13] Compound II, sodium 3-(4-{[4′-(trifluoromethyl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl]methoxy}phenyl)hex-4-yonate (Figure 1), was discovered as an investigational drug by high-throughput screening as a small molecule agonist of G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40, also known as free fatty acid receptor 1 or FFAR1) for type 2 diabetes and developed as a sodium salt to improve its poor solubility and pharmacokinetics.[14–16]