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Africa
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Advancements in Extremozymes and their Potential Applications in Biorefinery
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Deletion of vanillin dehydrogenase from the industrially important strains has been shown to enhance the production of vanillin from lignocellulose biomass (Linger et al. 2014). Alternatively, a thermo regulated-genetic system, i.e., the heterologous expression of two key enzymes, such as feruloyl-CoA synthetase (Fcs) and enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase (Ech) of thermophilic actinomycete Amycolatopsis thermoflava N1165in E. coli can also be used. This system allows E. coli to produce vanillyl alcohol using ferulic acid as a source at 30°C and subsequent conversion of vanillyl alcohol into vanillin at 50°C by the enzymatic activities of Fcs and Ech (Ni et al. 2018).
Quantum chemical study on gas phase decomposition of ferulic acid
Published in Molecular Physics, 2018
Anand Mohan Verma, Kushagra Agrawal, Harshal D. Kawale, Nanda Kishore
To achieve this, enormous research work has been reported by many researchers in literature. However, upgrading bio-oil as a whole is a very tedious task without the knowledge of effect of major components owing to the presence of oxygen functionals, therefore, a major section of research has also been dedicated on upgrading model compounds of bio-oil. Hence, in this study, ferulic acid (FA) (C10H10O4) is considered as bio-oil model compound comprising three oxy-functional groups namely hydroxyl, ether and carboxylic groups [7,8]. The presence of FA in lignin pyrolytic bio-oil is reported by Jiang et al. [9] in their pyrolytic studies of Alcell and Asian lignin samples. They stated that rise in temperature from 400 to 600 °C increases FA fraction in the product composition; however, its fraction decreases when pyrolysis temperature is beyond 600 °C. Many other researchers [10–14] have also confirmed the presence of FA in the product composition of pyrolysis of lignin or lignocellulosic biomass. Further decomposition of FA has also been reported in literature. For instance, Fiddler et al. [15] carried out thermal decomposition of FA and observed various products such as guaiacol, methyl- and ethylguaiacol, p-vinylguaiacol, vanillin, cis-isoeugenol and acetovanillone. Decomposition of FA by Fiddler et al. [15] was carried out in two stages; in the first stage, FA decomposed into p-vinylguaiacol while in the second stage, p-vinylguaiacol decomposed into 4-methylguaiacol and 4-ethylguaiacol along with other aforementioned products. On the other hand, Wit et al. [16] carried out experiment targeting FA conversion in the presence of copper powder and they also reported p-vinylguaiacol as primary product as found by Fiddler et al. [15]. Karmakar et al. [8] carried out conversion of FA and they also reported formation of p-vinylguaiacol as an intermediate using decarboxylation reaction of FA. Further, p-vinylguaiacol was converted to vanillin, vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid in their experimental study. Mathew et al. [17] performed conversion of FA and they too reported the production of p-vinylguaiacol as an intermediate which further underwent production of vanillin. Further, vanillin component underwent oxidation and reduction processes to produce vanillic acid and vanillyl alcohol, respectively. Hasyierah et al. [14] presented a wide reaction network for enzymatic degradation of FA to yield vanillin along with various other intermediate products. They reported formations of various intermediate value-added products such as caffeic acid using demethylation of FA, p-vinylguaiacol using decarboxylation of FA, coniferyl alcohol using hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis, etc. Intermediate p-vinylguaiacol directly underwent formation of vanillin; however, another intermediate coniferyl alcohol reduced to vanillic acid followed by the production of vanillin.