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Metal Silicate and Phosphate Nanomaterials
Published in Sanjay V. Malhotra, B. L. V. Prasad, Jordi Fraxedas, Molecular Materials, 2017
Pratap Vishnoi, Ramaswamy Murugavel
Vanadium phosphates have been known as catalysts in various organic transformations in the form of vanadyl pyrophosphates (VO)2P2O7.56 Soluble and processable molecular precursors to vanadium phosphates can be readily synthesized and decomposed by pyrolysis to yield metal phosphates. Thorn et al. have synthesized dinuclear and trinuclear vanadium diethyl phosphates [(dipic)V(O)(O2P(OEt)2)]2 (85) (dipic-H2 = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) and [(VO)3(O2P(OEt)2)6]·CH3CN (86) via the reactions of diethylphosphate with (dipic)V(O)(OiPr) or vanadyl tris-isopropoxide, respectively (Scheme 7.9).57 The trinuclear precursor 86 has been converted to VO(PO3)2 through calcination at 500 °C, which is catalytically active for oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride.
Recent advances in blended alkali-activated cements: a review
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2022
In recent studies, the potential for the alkali activation of a by-product of vanadium, phosphate, and molybdenum apatite treatment was investigated (Moukannaa et al., 2018; Sreenivasan et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2017). Analysis of the results shows that these mining wastes can be used for AACs only after activation by fusion, mechanical or thermal treatment, and in combination with 20–50% MK as a silica and alumina source. According to Wei et al. (2017), the mechanical activation of silica-rich vanadium tailing for 1 and 5 h increased from 250 to 1500 and 100 to 400, respectively. As a result, the 14 d CS of this AA-mixed tailing with 50% of MK increased from 7 to 24 MPa. Wang et al. (2019) tested garnet tailings from molybdenum mines. It was evident from the results that the maximum strength of 46 MPa at 3 d was achieved at a 20% MK dosage with SS as the activator, followed by curing at room temperature. In a study by Moukannaa et al. (2018), phosphate mine tailings mixed with 50% of MK allowed to obtain AA mortars exhibiting a CS of 53 MPa (curing at 85 °C for 24 h). According to Sreenivasan et al. (2017), the thermally treated clay mineral phlogopite (a by-product of apatite ore treatment) is a desirable magnesium-rich precursor for AACs. However, crystalline phlogopite becomes reactive after thermal treatment at high temperatures (1200–1600 °C) that are close to that required for the processing of Portland clinker and BFS.
A Review on Environmental, Economic and Hydrometallurgical Processes of Recycling Spent Lithium-ion Batteries
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021
E Asadi Dalini, Gh. Karimi, S. Zandevakili, M. Goodarzi
The most common cathodes include LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiV2O3, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, Lithium LiMnPO4, and in some cases lithium vanadium phosphate (Li3V2 (PO4) 3). Despite the development of cathodic materials, LiCoO2 is also the most common cathode material due to its high specific energy density and stability. The cathode not only has the largest share in the structure of lithium-ion batteries, but it also contains valuable metals such as lithium and cobalt and is considered as the most valuable part of the LIBs for recycling (Chinyama Luzendu 2016; Golmohammadzadeh, Faraji and Rashchi 2018; Zeng, Li and Singh 2014). The anode is also called negative active material, which contains graphite as an active material with a copper foil coating. Other materials, other except carbon, can be used in the manufacture of anodes, but natural graphite is preferential because of its low cost, high coulombic efficiency, and high capacity (Gallego et al. 2014; Chinyama Luzendu 2016; Zhang et al. 2016a). The binder is used to connect the cathode and anode. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is preferred over other materials as a binder due to its good electrochemical stability and binding capability, as well as its ability to absorb electrolyte for facile transport of the lithium ions to the active material surface or cathode (Chou et al. 2014). The separator creates a space between the anode and the cathode and prevents short-circuiting caused by direct contact among electrodes. The separator is a microporous film, usually made of polymers such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) (Zeng, Li and Singh 2014). For the transfer of ions between the electrodes, an electrolyte is required. It acts as a medium through which ions are moved from one electrode to the other, thus converting the chemical energy into electrical energy. The electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries are LiPF6, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, or Li(SO2CF3)2(Zeng, Li and Singh 2014). The schematic diagram of the chemical reaction of a lithium-ion battery is shown in Figure 5. The chemical reaction of a typical LIBs is shown in the following equations (Bankole, Gong and Lei 2013):