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Cartridge Filtration
Published in Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, Roger Ben Aim, Water, Wastewater, and Sludge Filtration, 2020
The reverse osmosis process is becoming popular in the production of ultrapure water for certain industries. The reverse osmosis membranes can be easily fouled if no proper pretreatment is given. Cartridge filters (with 3 to 30 µm size) can successfully be used for pretreatment in this case.
Electromembrane Processes in Water Purification and Energy Generation
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
Sujay Chattopadhyay, Jogi Ganesh Dattatreya Tadimeti, Anusha Chandra, E. Bhuvanesh
Ultrapure water is usually recommended for electronic and pharmaceutical industries. Electrodeionization (EDI) is a unique technique that can provide ultrapure water at very low cost. This is a hybrid separation process involving the ion exchange resins and ion exchange membranes. EDI technique has gained tremendous attention these days because it can deliver ultrapure water as well as recover some precious ionic species from contaminated water. The technique is independent of the nature of the electrolytes that are present in the feed solution (Arar et al., 2014). Usually, weakly-ionized species, such as CO2 and boron, pose difficulties during separation via RO and ED. EDI is capable of continuous removal of these species to a very high degree of removal. Crucial process parameters that influence the efficiency of an EDI module are current density, flow velocity both in feed and concentrate streams, temperature and TDS of the feed solution. Laktionov et al. (1999) introduced ion exchange textile as conducting spacers in ordinary electrodialysis and experimented on a pilot scale to prepare ultrapure water. The pressure drop was found to be much lower with ion exchange spacers relative to commonly used resin beads. Thus, it becomes cost effective. Strathmann (2010) gave a detailed description of ED technique and the appropriate modifications required to make ED process a continuous operation instead of a batch process. In some cases, the continuous electro-deionization unit contains mixed bed resins in the diluate chamber, while in another set of design, cation and anion exchange resins are placed in separate chambers with a partition of bipolar membrane between them. Detailed description of this technique may be found elsewhere (Strathmann, 2010; Laktionov et al., 1999).
Effect of ultrasonic homogenization on crude oil-water emulsion stability
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Nahid Hassanshahi, Guangji Hu, Kenneth Lee, Jianbing Li
Cold Lake Blend (CLB) crude oil is an asphaltic heavy crude blend of bitumen (11API/5.5%S) and condensate (65API/0.1%S) with a typical load port values of 21.1API and 3.5%S. CLB crude oil was selected to generate O/W emulsion because it is a major unconventional product produced in Canada that may be exported to overseas markets. Thus, it is important to generate emulsions for environmental studies evaluating various mitigation strategies. To simulate weathering, samples of crude oil were aerated within a fume hood until 15% mass loss (15% CLB) was achieved. Table 1 lists the physicochemical properties of the fresh and 15% weathered CLB crude oil. The weathered CLB was sticky with high dynamic viscosity of 12682.0 mPa.s (at 25 °C). Sodium chloride (NaCl, ≥ 99.0%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥ 97.0%), and Tween 20 emulsifier (≥ 40%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich company. The chemicals were American Chemical Society (ACS) reagent grade and were used without further purification. Ultrapure water used in this research was produced by a water purification system (Milli-Q Advantage A10).
Preparation of novel carbon spheres based on molecular design and adsorption/degradation of methyl orange
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Haiwang Wang, Jinlong Li, Wenge Liu, Xin Xu, Xinfang Wei, Xiwei Qi, Li Chao, Luhong Jiang, Zheng Shang, Fansheng Meng
Water used throughout this study was produced from an ultrapure water system. Ethanol, potassium borohydride and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). Iron sulfate heptahydrate, MO, hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, phenol and gum Arabic were obtained from Shanghai Chemical Plant Co., Ltd. (China). GAC was made in our group.