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Densification Process Variables and Densification Practice
Published in M. N. Rahaman, Ceramic Processing and Sintering, 2017
A temperature controller forms an integral part of most furnaces to take the system through the required heating cycle. In many cases it is also necessary to have fairly precise control of the sintering atmosphere around the powder compact or to use a sintering atmosphere that is not compatible with the furnace element. For laboratory-scale experiments, a tube furnace (Fig 12.1) can often provide the desired temperature and atmosphere control. Silica tubes can be used for temperatures up to ∼1100°C, whereas high purity Al2O3 tubes can be used up to temperatures in the range of 1600−1800°C, but the low thermal shock resistance of Al2O3 limits its maximum heating or cooling rate to 10−20°C/min depending on the thickness of the tube.
Sintering Process Variables and Techniques
Published in Mohamed N. Rahaman, Ceramic Processing, 2017
Most sintering furnaces are equipped with a temperature controller to take the system through the required heating cycle. In many cases, it is also necessary to have fairly precise control of the sintering atmosphere around the powder compact or to use a sintering atmosphere that is not compatible with the furnace element. For laboratory-scale experiments, a tube furnace can often provide the desired temperature and atmosphere control. Silica tubes can be used up to ~1100°C, whereas high-purity Al2O3 tubes can be used up to 1600°C–1800°C. However, the low thermal shock resistance of Al2O3 limits its maximum heating or cooling rate to 10°C/min–20°C/min, depending on the thickness of the tube. A dilatometer is useful in research and development because it allows the shrinkage of a powder compact to be measured continuously as a function of time or temperature in a single experiment.
High-k Material Processing in CMOS VLSI Technology
Published in Niladri Pratap Maity, Reshmi Maity, Srimanta Baishya, High-K Gate Dielectric Materials, 2020
The experimental set up consists of an open tube furnace capable of providing temperature up to 1200°C with a control of ±5°C. The ambient used for oxygen is either dry oxygen or wet oxygen. To obtain wet oxygen ambient, dry oxygen is passed through a water bubbler maintained at 95°C. The gas regulators are used to control the flow rates of oxygen and nitrogen.
Development and Test Results of Thermocouples Used in the TRISO-Fuel Irradiation Experiment AGR-5/6/7
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
A. J. Palmer, R. S. Skifton, D. C. Haggard, W. D. Swank, M. Scervini, G. L. Hawkes, C. B. T. Pham, T. L. Checketts
After heat treatment and calibration (required for HTIR-TCs, not Type N), TCs were placed in a tube furnace, illustrated schematically in Fig. 6, and tested for accuracy and long-term drift properties (for additional apparatus details see Ref. 8). Both HTIR and Type N TCs were tested, frequently concurrently. The two major functions of the tube furnace are to maintain an accurate, stable temperature and to maintain an inert environment. The necessity of maintaining a perfectly inert environment when testing the refractory-sheathed HTIR-TCs is critical as exposure to even 1 ppm of O2 or H2O over thousands of hours will embrittle and degrade the Nb sheaths such that any handling results in sheath fracture and open-circuit failure.
Influence of substrate temperature on coated engine piston head using multi-response optimisation techniques
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
S. Ganesan, S. Padmanabhan, J. Hemanandh, S. P. Venkatesan
In this experiment, a tubular furnace is used. This furnace used to make the pallet very much compact so that it will not break. The pallet is kept inside the furnace for a time period. A tube furnace (Figure 5) is an electric heating device used to conduct syntheses and purifications of inorganic compounds and occasionally in organic synthesis. One possible design consists of a cylindrical cavity surrounded by heating coils that are embedded in a thermally insulating matrix. Temperature can be controlled via feedback from a thermocouple.