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Phosphorous-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (Structure 6.9) is a chemical compound used as a flame retardant, plasticizer, and viscosity regulator in various types of polymers including polyurethanes, polyester resins, and polyacrylates. It is widely used in rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams, most classes of thermosets, cast acrylics, and in wood-resin composites. Tri(1-chloroethyl) phosphate, owing to the presence of a branched alkyl group, has lower reactivity to water and bases than the 2-chloroethyl homologue.
A pilot study to characterize hand-to-mouth transfer efficiency of organophosphate flame retardants identified in infant products
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Lauren E. Gloekler, Christy A. Barlow, Brooke Tvermoes, Mark J. La Guardia, Jennifer Sahmel
Flame retardants (FRs) are a diverse group of chemicals and/or chemical mixtures that are added or incorporated into consumer products containing polyurethane foam (PUF) for the purposes of reducing or delaying ignition from fire. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or PBDEs, were historically used globally as FRs in textiles, PUF, and polyesters associated with furniture, mattresses, bedding, carpet, and consumer products, as well as in electronics and vehicles, among other uses (USEPA 2005a, 2005b; Blum et al. 2019). However, global concern regarding PBDE toxicity and biopersistence lead numerous agencies and global regulatory bodies to ban or phase them out between 2004 and 2017, depending on usage and location (Betts 2015; USEPA 2017; Blum et al. 2019). With the phase out of PBDEs, using alternative FRs, such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) [i.e., Tris (2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate ( TCEP], increased.