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Heavy Metals
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects, 2019
While some of the most toxic organotin compounds are used as biocides (e.g., tributyltin, triphenyltin, and tricyclohexyltin), other organtin compounds have practical value in a broader range of agricultural, industrial, and recreational applications. Hence, organotin compounds have also been utilized in the production of Polyurethane foam. In addition, they are important in the textile industry as preservatives for mildew control. Furthermore, or-ganotins have been successfully employed as stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride.72 Despite their domestic and industrial usefulness, or-ganotin compounds are toxic to a large number of estuarine organisms. Toxicity tests must continue to be made, therefore, to accurately evaluate both the acute and chronic effects of the compounds to estuarine biota.
Toxicity of pesticides
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Triphenyltin (fentin) acetate and triphenyltin hydroxide (see Figure 13.1) are used as fungicides and molluscicides. Few cases of human poisoning have been described. Symptoms were dizziness, nausea, skin irritation and liver damage. A case of acute dermal poisoning by fentin acetate has also been described (Colosio et al. 1991). The prominent features were urticaria on trunk and arms and genital oedema. The patient suffered from periodic urticaria during the following 5 months. Patch tests with the commercial formulation and the pure component of the formulation were negative. During the acute phase EEG alterations were also observed. Urinary excretion and blood levels of tin showed biphasic kinetics suggesting the possibility of accumulation.
Synthesis and structural determination of ionic triphenyltin complexes of mercaptoacetic and 3-mercaptopropionic acids
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Raymond Devaughn, Robert Pike, George Eng, William Li, Xueqing Song
Triphenyltin hydroxide was obtained from Alfa Aesar and purified through recrystallization in ethanol. The two thiocarboxylic acids (mercaptoacetic acid and 3-mercaptopropionic acid) and dicyclohexylamine were obtained from Sigma Aldrich and purified by distillation prior to use. Melting points were measured using a Melt-Temp with capillary tubes with a digital thermometer and are uncorrected. IR spectra from 4000 to 400 cm−1 were recorded as pure samples on a Varian 3100 FTIR fitted with the Pike Technologies GladiATR attachment. The solid samples were placed directly on the diamond window for analysis. Multinuclear (1H, 13C{1H} and 119Sn{1H}) NMR studies were preformed on a Bruker 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. TMS was used as an internal reference for 1H at 399.8 MHz and for 13C at 100.5 MHz, and Me4Sn was used for an external reference for 119Sn at 149.1 MHz. Sample and instrument temperatures were at 298 K. Proton decoupled 13C and 119Sn spectra were acquired with a WALTZ decoupling sequence. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm, the coupling constants nJ(13C-119/117Sn) were obtained from the satellite signal in the 13C spectrum, the values are reported in Hertz (Hz).
BNPs@Cur-Pd as a versatile and recyclable green nanocatalyst for Suzuki, Heck and Stille coupling reactions
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2020
Muhammed Ali Jani, Kiumars Bahrami
The catalytic activity of BNPs@Cur-Pd nanocatalyst was evaluated in the carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions including Suzuki–Miyaura, Heck and Stille reactions. In these reactions, some aryl halides reacted with phenylboronic acid, butyl acrylate, and triphenyltin chloride, respectively. In our first experiments, the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction between iodobenzene and phenylboronic acid was selected as a model reaction by using BNPs@Cur-Pd to optimize the effects of solvent, base, the amount of catalyst and temperature. Table 1 shows the obtained optimization conditions for Suzuki’s reactions. In the absence of nanocatalyst, no coupling reaction has taken place in entry 1. At the beginning of the study, PEG was used as a solvent and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a base by using 5–15 mg of BNPs@Cur-Pd at 80 °C (entries 2–5). The optimum results were obtained by 12 mg (0.043 × 10−5 mol g−1, 0.043 mol% Pd) of the BNPs@Cur-Pd nanocatalyst (entry 4). Increasing the amount of nanocatalyst did not show a noticeable improvement in the efficiency of the reaction (entry 6).
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, DNA-interaction, molecular docking and DFT studies of novel di- and tri-organotin(IV) carboxylates using 3-(3-nitrophenyl)2-methylpropenoic acid
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Muhammad Tariq, Rabbia Khan, Ajaz Hussain, Atia Batool, Faiz Rasool, Muhammad Yar, Kurshid Ayub, Muhammad Sirajuddin, Faizan Ullah, Saqib Ali, Arusa Akhtar, Samia Kausar, Ataf Ali Altaf
In chemical quantum mechanics, energy gaps and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) consisting of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gives the important structural and molecular interaction parameters information [54]. Stability and chemical reactivity parameters are further determined FMOs energy gaps. In ligand and 1-3, the energy gap ΔΕ was determined as 4.303, 4.271, 4.207 and 4.199 eV, respectively. The decreasing order of energy gap of the given compounds was ligand > dibutyltin > tributyltin > triphenyltin as shown in Figure 4 and mentioned in Table 7.