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Graphene from Sugar and Sugarcane Extract
Published in Amir Al-Ahmed, Inamuddin, Graphene from Natural Sources, 2023
Akanksha R. Urade, Rita Joshi, K.S. Suresh, Indranil Lahiri
Li, Gan et al. (2018) developed a new biomaterial from sugarcane bagasse that contained rGO and Burkholderia cepacia. This new biomaterial was able to adsorb and biodegrade malachite green, a harmful triphenylmethane dye extensively used in the textile industries. An aqueous solution of sugarcane bagasse was added to the GO suspension and ammonia was added to the mixture. Sugarcane bagasse consists of fructose that is transformed into reducing sugars due to ketonal tautomerism in the presence of ammonia base (Zhu et al. 2010). It acts as a better reducing agent for the transformation of GO to B-rGO. The Raman spectra of both GO and B-rGO show two main characteristic peaks (G peak at 1612 cm−1 and D peak at 1356 cm−1), as shown in Figure 1.16. The ID/IG ratio of GO (0.86) significantly increases for B-rGO (1.32), which indicates that the graphene sheets in B-rGO are disordered, and the reduction causes a decrease in the size of the in-plane sp2 domain.
Two-Dimensional Photocatalytic Heterojunction Hybrid Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications
Published in A. Pandikumar, K. Jothivenkatachalam, S. Moscow, Heterojunction Photocatalytic Materials, 2022
R. Baby Suneetha, Suguna Perumal, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi
Organic dyes are commonly used in the textile, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries as coloring agents. Some of the common dyes used are methyl orange (MO), malachite green (MG), rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and Congo red (CR). When these organic dyes are discharged into water resources, they can be very harmful as they cannot be removed completely because of their high chemical stability or strong resistance to mineralization. For example, malachite green, a water-soluble cationic dye used as an antifungal, antimicrobial, and a topical antiseptic in aquaculture since 1930, has a structure similar to carcinogenic triphenylmethane dyes. Complete removal of these organic dyes by biological or conventional remediation methods cannot be obtained and hence photocatalysis is a green and clean method widely adopted for environmental remediation of organic dyes. Many semiconductor nano-heterostructures have been fabricated till date that can enhance the catalytic activity of the remediation process [91–93]. The organic pollutant dyes, such as methylene blue, methyl orange, and rhodamine B, can be chemically oxidized to their minerals [94]. During the photochemical oxidation process, highly reactive oxidative species, such as hydroxyl radicals (*OH), superoxide radicals (O2-*), and holes (h+), are generated in situ [95]. These highly oxidative species result in complete mineralization of target molecules (pollutants).
Electrochemical Oxidation Reaction for the Treatment of Textile Dyes
Published in Mu Naushad, Saravanan Rajendran, Abdullah M. Al-Enizi, New Technologies for Electrochemical Applications, 2020
Eswaran Prabakaran, Kriveshini Pillay
Electrochemical degradation and decolorization of triphenylmethane dye xylenol orange (XO) on BDD electrodes were also studied. A series of parameters, including electrode materials, current density, initial dye concentration, and electrolyte composition, was examined to discuss the effect of these factors in terms of COD removal, current efficiency, and decolorization rate. Complete decolorization and mineralization of XO could be realized on BDD electrodes while the oxidation is mass transfer controlled, and the degradation progress performs better in the case of the porous BDD electrode compared with the flat BDD electrode. The enhancement of effectiveness is highly correlated to the structure of the electrode material, where the porous BDD film provides more active sites for hydroxyl radicals. The presence of Cl− in the solution promotes the COD and color removal due to the formation of active chlorine. The porous Ti/BDD electrode presents excellent potential in the electrochemical decolorization and mineralization of triphenylmethane dye (He et al. 2016).
Screening, identification and optimization of Bacillus species isolated from textile effluents in malachite green degradation
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2023
K. B. Roopa, S. Raj Surabhi, B. S. Gowrishankar
Textile industries primarily use triphenylmethane dyes for dyeing. Their complex structure, resistant to degradation, makes them exist in the environment for extended time, causing a health issues for all living organisms (Srivastava, Sinha, and Ro 2004; Xavier et al. 2011). A portion of the dye does not enter the fabric during the dyeing process and washed away, as a result high concentration of these dyes can be found in effluents. Industry effluents release synthetic dyes into the environment at a rate of 10% to 15% (Padhi and Rathna 2012). Dye effluent also contains heavy metals like chromium, copper, and zinc that can cause risks for human health and environment (Rastogi and Nandal 2020; Hassaan and Nemr 2017). The most prevalent health problems associated with dyes are respiratory problems such as bronchitis and asthma (Luciana and Rizkiah 2022). Because of triphenylmethane dye pollution, light penetration, photosynthetic activity, and oxygen levels are reduced and aquatic life are negatively affected (Kaur and Bera 2020). The dye is carcinogenic to plants, animals and human due to its long-term exposure and the fact that it enters our food chain through the plant photosynthesis system. Thus, the effluents from many industries are required to treat before discharging them into waterways (Shanker, Rani, and Jassal 2017).