China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Task-Specific Ionic Liquids for Metal Ion Extraction
Published in Bruce A. Moyer, Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction: Volume 23, 2019
Mark L. Dietz, Cory A. Hawkins
More recently, Fagnant et al. (105) have carried out a preliminary investigation of the phase behavior of betaine bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] imide–water mixtures (where betaine = Hbet+ = N,N,N-trimethylglycine, a carboxylate-functionalized quaternary ammonium cation; Figure 3.18), a system of possible utility in metal ion separations. This study emphasized the fundamental aspects of the phase equilibrium, however, and although temperature-dependent partitioning of neodymium was observed, no demonstration of the applicability of the TSIL to metal ion separations was demonstrated. Betaine bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide.
Biotransformations in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Published in Pedro Lozano, Sustainable Catalysis in Ionic Liquids, 2018
Vicente Gotor-Fernández, Caroline Emilie Paul
The chondroitin ABC lyase (cABCl, EC 4.2.2.4) is an important clinical enzyme used in the treatment of spinal lesions, however, its stability is an issue. For that reason, the group of Khajeh studied the stability of cABCl from Proteus vulgaris in different DESs (trimethylglycine and choline chloride-based DESs) (Daneshjou et al. 2017). The DESs were reported to facilitate the effective contact between the substrate and cABCl, thus affecting the activity, structure, and stability of the enzyme. Twenty percent of the DESs ChCl:Gly (1:2) in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 was found to improve the thermal stability of cABCl at −20°C, 4°C, and 37°C. In buffer, the enzyme only retained 20% of its original activity after 2 h at 37°C, however, it retained 82% with the ChCl (1:2) added. The same effect was observed at the other temperatures, for instance, at −20°C, the enzyme lost activity after five days, but retained 95% of it with ChCl:Gly after 15 days. The authors used fluorescence studies to observe conformational changes induced by the DESs, displaying higher fluorescence intensity and, hence, a more compact structure with ChCl:Gly. Therefore, both the stability and activity of cABCI in aqueous solution were improved by the addition of DESs. Further studies are needed to fully understand the interactions involved between the DESs and lyases to explain these outcomes.
Therapeutic Use of Stress to Provoke Recovery
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Furthermore, in order to regulate gene expression and protein function, it will be important that there be adequate methylation of the various components of the ground regulation system, easily enough obtained by way of nutrient supplementation with such methyl donors as folic acid, vitamin B12, trimethylglycine (TMG), dimethylglycine (DMG), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e), and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE).
Organoarsenical compounds: Occurrence, toxicology and biotransformation
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Jian Chen, Luis D. Garbinski, Barry Rosen, Jun Zhang, Ping Xiang, Lena Q. Ma
Arsenobetaine (2-trimethylarsoniumylacetate and 2-(trimethylarsaniumyl) acetate) is an As-containing analog of trimethylglycine (glycine betaine). It is the major As species in almost all marine animals, accounting for >80% of total As (Maher, 1985). Arsenobetaine can also be found in non-marine organisms as diverse as mushrooms, earthworms, and terrestrial birds (Button et al., 2011). The chemical relatedness of arsenobetaine to the N-containing and environmentally-abundant glycine betaine fosters the speculations about its possible function as an osmotic stress protectant. Like other betaines, arsenobetaine can serve as an osmolyte. So arsenobetaine has both a protective function against high osmolarity and a cytoprotective role against extremes in low and high temperatures (Hoffmann et al., 2018). As arsenobetaine is widely found in marine ecosystems, human exposure to arsenobetaine is primarily through seafood consumption. Unlike arsenosugars and arsenolipids, ingested arsenobetaine in humans is excreted in urine unchanged, with little toxic effects being associated with its exposure. As the first Aso compound identified in seafoods, arsenobetaine is the most studied compound, but the details of its synthesis are still poorly understood. Its sources in the food web are unclear, though there are several theories about its biosynthetic pathway.