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Chapter 10: The Use of Microspheres in the Study of cell Motility
Published in Alan Rembaum, Zoltán A. Tökés, Micro spheres: Medical and Biological Applications, 2017
Concanavalin A-Sepharose® beads and polystyrene microspheres have been used to study the surface dynamics of gregarine protozoa during gliding motility,107,108 These markers move backward along the surface of gliding cells and accumulate at the rear of the cell; the velocity of marker movement is independent of size. Trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and cytochalasin B inhibit both gliding motility and the movement of microspheres. This suggests that gliding motility and movement of the microspheres are two manifestations of the same motor, as has been demonstrated for Chlamydomonas76,78 and Cytophaga21,23 using nongliding mutants.
Related Topics I: Charge-Transfer Complexes in Biological Systems
Published in Jean-Pierre Farges, Organic Conductors, 2022
Vivian C. Flores, Hendrik Keyzer, Cissy Varkey-Johnson, Karen Leslie Young
Our conductrimetric work [207] with three hydrochloride psychotropes—chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, and methotrimeprazine—also showed that these formed charge-transfer complexes with acetylcholine, 6-hydroxydopamine, and noradrenaline which were not highly associated. Two different types of interaction occurred, one in which a single product was formed, and a second which involved two almost simultaneous reactions. In the former case the product was stable to ultraviolet light, while in the latter case the more slowly formed product was strongly UV sensitive. The reactions in solution were first order.
Regulation of Osmolytes Syntheses and Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Ambuj Bhushan Jha, Pallavi Sharma
Abscisic acid (ABA) mediated signals regulate the expression of P5CS and other genes involved in proline biosynthesis (Thomashow, 1999; Kavi Kishor et al., 2005). In Arabidopsis, the causal link between ABA and proline accumulation has been suggested and it has been shown that exogenous application of ABA increases the level of AtP5CS1 and AtP5CS2 transcripts (Savouré et al., 1997; Strizhov et al., 1997). In Arabidopsis, P5CS1 expression is triggered by both ABA-dependent and ABA-insensitive as well as H2O2-derived signaling pathways (Savouré et al., 1997; Strizhov et al., 1997; Yoshiba et al., 1997; Verslues et al., 2007). Bandurska et al. (2017) observed involvement of ABA in regulating proline synthesis at P5CS transcription as well as P5CS enzyme level in drought-stressed barley plants. They also observed that accumulated proline provided resistance to barley genotypes. Different pathways regulate Arabidopsis P5CS transcript accumulation under cold and osmotic stress. The signals during salt stress appear to be mediated by ABA that can bring about the expression of stress-related genes and subsequently the synthesis of organic osmolytes. Analysis of the promoter elements in the proline biosynthetic pathway genes such as AtP5CS1, AtP5CS2 and AtP5CR indicated that a cis-acting ABA-responsive element sequence is found in the AtP5CS2 upstream region (Zhang et al., 1997). The involvement of ABA in P5CS gene expression was reviewed by Hare et al. (1999) who showed the regulation of P5CS gene expression in Arabidopsis ABA-insensitive mutants. Further, Knight and coworkers (1997) indicated the role of calcium (Ca2+) in ABA-mediated induction of the P5CS gene during drought and salt stress. They suggested that calcium itself is not sufficient and under stressful conditions, additional upstream signaling molecules are required for expression of the AtP5CS gene in proline metabolism besides Ca2+. Yang et al. (2016) reported the involvement of calmodulin (CaM) along with Ca2+ in signal transduction events for the accumulation of proline in J. curcas seedlings under cold stress. This accumulation is possible by the simultaneous action of enhanced expression of P5CS, an enzyme required for the glutamate pathway in proline biosynthesis, with decreased activity of ProDH, an enzyme involved in the proline degradation pathway. Further, Ca2+ treatment enhanced chilling tolerance with decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage. This action was confirmed by treatment with lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), the plasma membrane Ca2+-channel blocker and calmodulin antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and trifluoperazine (TFP), as these compounds showed the reverse effects to those of CaCl2 treatment.
The chemical reaction of thioindole and [20] fullerene and the use of DFT to estimate some quantum chemical descriptors
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Ahmad AB Yosef Kinani, Evan Abdulkareem Mahmood, Seyed Mohammad Shoaei, Mohammad Reza Poor Heravi, Sepideh Habibzadeh, Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi, Issa Amini, Esmail Vessally
In addition to the utility of nanocages and their functionalized derivatives as biologically active agents, they can behave as platforms in drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and in many other areas [21–26]. Cycloaddition is an effective strategy for the synthesis of these functionalized nanostructures. The reaction of phenothiazine, promazine, trifluoperazine, and other molecules, and their self-assembly with nanostructures can provide useful information such as the identity of the most reactive site and the suitable orientation of the reaction components for adsorption/reaction [27,28]. Interaction between C24 and ephedrine have been probed theoretically with the purpose of decomposing the interaction energy into components and to better understand the physical origins of the interaction between them [29]. The anticancer activity of 4-[(E)-(2-chorobenzylidene)amino]-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione against various inhibitors for different protein targets and its interaction with coronene and graphene have been characterized by theoretical investigations to understand sensing properties of molecule-nanoclusters. The analysis of different properties demonstrates enhancement effects which makes it convenient for the detection of this organic compound in other environments [30]. The synthesis of the biologically active indole and thioindole has been studied since near the beginning of the twentieth century, leading to the synthesis of many compounds with interesting structural features and potent biological activity profiles in tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis [31–33]. The substituted heterocyclic thioindoles containing an N–C═S fragment in five-membered aromatic rings are often found in the structures of natural products and pharmaceutical compounds, and the design of simple and effective methods for their preparation constitutes a major effort in the area of medicinal chemistry [31–33].